Comprehensive coverage

The invention of the wheel, its effects on humanity and why zebras don't have wheels

The wheel made it possible for armies to move quickly, but also for merchants to carry heavy loads on carts, for urbanization and even for the expansion of empires. On the history of the ancient invention and reference to the question why nature did not produce wheels for any animal?

The wheel found in excavations in a swamp in Slovenia
The wheel found in excavations in a swamp in Slovenia

introduction

The invention of the wheel is considered one of the most important pillars in human development. The wheel improved military capabilities and fast chariots allowed armies to be more destructive than ever before. The wheel made it possible to carry heavy loads on carts drawn by horses, oxen and other beasts of burden instead of using the limited human power, thus paving the way for the construction of large and complex buildings. In addition, the wheel brought about a revolution in agriculture because it was possible to plow the fields with the help of more sophisticated agricultural tools and even sell the agricultural produce in distant places. The by-product of the ability to purchase agricultural produce that was grown in distant places was the establishment of large urban settlements that did not have to live on their own produce, and their residents could free themselves to develop other occupations and specialize in various professions. And from here until today's high-tech era, the road was already paved.

Another historical process that was a consequence of the development of the wheel was the expansion of empires, and through the faster, safer and more convenient transmission of information in new ways that were paved, extensive trade relations were created between distant places. The speed of movement and the transfer of information also contributed to the spread of other technologies.

In this article I will briefly bring you the story of the wheel and its effect on humanity and at the same time I will address the question "why there are no wheels in nature" and explain the evolutionary context of the wheel and its place in the living world. To conclude, I will provide a description of one of the confrontations from the front of the war between religion and science.

history

Many tend to think of the wheel as a particularly ancient invention, something like the discovery of the way to start and control fire, but this is not the case. While there is evidence that even the ancient Homo Eractus who lived about two million years ago knew how to use fire for his needs even before he became the modern man, the wheel was invented "only" a few thousand years ago. Although some researchers claim that the invention of the wheel took place already in the sixth millennium BC (about 8,000 years ago), most researchers believe that the wheel was invented in the fourth millennium BC, that is, about 6,000 years ago in the area of ​​Mesopotamia by the ancient Sumerians - between today's Iraq and the coasts the black sea The agricultural revolution was then in full swing and already several thousand years before the invention of the wheel, humans cultivated the land, planted and domesticated plants and made them tastier, more fertile and more convenient to grow through a process of man-made evolution. The wheel spread relatively quickly throughout the Old World along with some basic agricultural crops such as wheat and barley. It reached ancient India and the Caucasus region and from there it spread to Europe, North Africa and China (although some claim that the wheel developed at the same time independently in China).

The earliest evidence of wheels found so far was from around the middle of the third millennium BC, that is, about 5,000 years ago. The oldest wheel found so far was discovered in archaeological excavations in a swamp in Slovenia, about twenty kilometers south of Ljubljana. Many evidences of settlements from several thousand years ago were found there. Since the first wheels were made of wood, and wood is known to decay over time, real wheels are very hard to find. This is why this find is so rare and important. The conditions prevailing in the swamp preserve organic materials such as wood in an excellent way, which is why the wooden wheel was preserved so well. Along with it is even the hinge that was apparently attached to it.

Other ancient evidence includes a painting of chariots with wheels created by the Assyrian culture about 5,200 years ago, tombs with chariot remains from about 5,700 years ago from the Caucasus region and chariot paintings on urns from about 5,500 years ago discovered in Poland.

How was the wheel invented?

The invention of the wheel is more complex than one might think. It is not just about creating a circle out of stone or wood, because there is no real benefit in doing so. The wheel receives its advantages only when a pivot is attached to it exactly in its center that allows the wheel to rotate, and for this a relatively complex technology is required. It is not possible to know for sure what led to the creation of the first wheel, but it can be assumed that it is an interesting development of 2 different technologies for carrying loads that were used thousands of years before - the sledge and the logs. These two technologies have been used for ages to carry loads by humans, but their combination could have led to the production of the wheel in the following way:

The supposed process that led to the creation of the wheel and axle
The supposed process that led to the creation of the wheel and axle

First, a log is used and loads are rolled on it. When the load moves forward, add another log in front of it and thus move the load to a distance. Using a sled without boards is efficient and convenient on a relatively smooth surface such as sand, grass, snow, etc. By combining the sled on top of a log, minimal friction is created which facilitates the transfer of the load. Over time, the logs wear down and create "rails" in them that make it even easier to move the load. Here the central part of the log can easily be dispensed with completely and from here to a system of two wheels and an axle, the distance is very small. The following chart taken from this site, Explains the process in a relatively simple way (look at the drawings in the illustration next to this paragraph from left to right)

Technological improvements

Beyond the initial difficulty in creating the wheel, there were other technological problems that had to be solved: when you cut wood horizontally, you get rings, and this basic structure of wood is not strong enough to carry heavy loads. This is why a much more complicated longitudinal section was needed to make wheels. Later, metal reinforcements were also added to the wheels. In addition, termites, ants and general decay would destroy the wheels relatively quickly, so in the past they used to burn the wood with fire to prevent pests from destroying it. This is a fairly ancient practice and even the wheel found in Slovenia was probably already charred as a protection against pests.

The spokes were added in the second millennium BC. A wheel with spokes is stronger, lighter and more flexible and therefore allows the driving of faster vehicles. Surprisingly enough, from the second millennium BC to the nineteenth century, almost no changes or improvements were made to wheels.

A wheel with spokes from the second millennium BC. The wheel is displayed in the National Museum of Iran (from Wikipedia)
A wheel with spokes from the second millennium BC. The wheel is displayed in the National Museum of Iran (from Wikipedia)

Why is the wheel not opened in America, Australia, Polynesia and the rest of the "New World"?

A question that is very interesting to me personally is why the wheel was not developed by the Aztecs, the aborigines, the Maori, the tribes in South Africa, the Polynesians and other peoples and cultures in other parts of the world? If this invention is so good and useful and relatively uncomplicated, why hasn't it been invented in other places?

At the time, I published an article about domesticating pets following the excellent and highly recommended Pulitzer Prize winning book - Germs and Steel Guns written by Jared Diamond. Diamond dedicated his book to the question of how it happened that the Europeans conquered the world and not any of the other nations and cultures. Diamond provides detailed and fascinating explanations and, among other things, deals with the topic of the wheel. He claims that the reason that the wheel was developed only in the Eurasian region is divided into several different reasons. First, it should be noted that wheels actually developed in at least one other place - among the tribes that lived in Mexico about two thousand years ago. But the ancient Mexicans did not have the ability to use the wheel since they did not have beasts of burden. In fact, at the stage when agriculture and technology were developed in America, there were no longer any large animals that could be domesticated, in contrast to the situation in the Eurasian region. All the big animals were slaughtered years before, when man arrived. By the way, this process of destroying the big animals with the arrival of man is typical all over the world, in New Zealand, Mauritius, Australia, America, Europe and more.

Diamond continues and claims that a chain of coincidences led to the invention of the wheel in Eurasia, and that the same chain of circumstances led to the industrial revolution, technological superiority and the fact that the Europeans conquered the rest of the world. The same chain of circumstances begins with the fact that Eurasia is the largest land mass and that it stands from east to west in contrast to Africa and America which stand from north to south. The direction of the continents is important because on a continent that stands east-west it will be possible to find similar weather over a very large area, in contrast to the continents that extend from south to north, where the weather changes to extremes over a relatively small geographical distance. Since Eurasia is the largest land mass, more species of animals have evolved there, among them the vast majority of large animals that can be domesticated including cows, sheep, horses, pigs and more. Agriculture, which was developed in many parts of the world more or less at the same time, received a significant boost from the domesticated animals, which led to the construction of permanent settlements and the evacuation of man from the constant pursuit of food. In the free time created, the people developed specialties and hobbies - sewing, leather processing, blacksmithing, iron works and significant technological improvements. The use of domesticated animals such as horses, oxen and donkeys led to the development and massive use of the wheel. All of these led, as mentioned, to military technologies and extensive occupations.

Diamond goes on to explain the European technological superiority that eventually led to the conquest of the world and claims that the domesticated animals had another important but cruel role - through a cruel and deadly process they led to the vaccination of the surviving population against many diseases of animal origin. The ancient inhabitants of Eurasia were exposed to the same diseases because they lived in the same house with pigs, chickens and other animals, and apparently the hygiene conditions in those days were not particularly improved. The thing, the black plague and other terrible diseases and epidemics that plagued the population from time to time originate from those farm animals. Those who survived became immune to these diseases by a simple evolutionary process. Those who were not vaccinated simply did not survive. But when the Europeans arrived in America, Australia, Alaska, Tahiti, Hawaii and other distant places, the locals who were not vaccinated against those diseases began to die in huge numbers as a result of the exposure to the diseases brought by the Europeans. About 95% of the Native Americans died within a few decades after the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, most of them even before they were in contact with each other due to epidemics that spread across the continent. Many cases are recorded in which the Spaniards arrived in villages that were almost abandoned and found only the bodies of people who had died shortly before from diseases. The combination of the superior technology that included the guns and steel together with the deadly bacteria led to easy and simple conquests for the Europeans, and a terrible holocaust that befell the conquered peoples everywhere the Europeans went. It was this deadly combination of military capabilities (guns), immunity to disease (germs) and superior technology (steel) that allowed them to eventually conquer the world. This concise explanation may sound simplistic, but the book "Guns, Bacteria and Steel" is one of the most important, comprehensive and interesting books I have read and it includes detailed explanations of the process.

Why does a zebra have no wheels - on the development of the wheel in the animal world

The diversity of the animal world is tremendous and surprising. Evolution has proven itself in finding amazing, original and very sophisticated solutions to a variety of problems, and first and foremost - on the subject of movement. Prof. Richard Dawkins in his excellent book "The Ancestors Tale" gives as an example the kangaroo in Australia and the deer in Africa. Both are common herbivores that had to deal with ferocious predators. Evolution has developed very fast movement skills for both of them as part of the "evolutionary arms race", but the deer runs on all fours while the kangaroo jumps on 2 (with the help of the tail). These two forms of movement are very different from each other, but the end result is very similar. A kangaroo fleeing from danger moves with an amazing and surprising speed, which is similar to the speed developed by the deer.

Almost all vehicles created by man throughout history (including boat engines and airplanes) are based in one way or another on wheels. Moreover - almost every machine above a certain complexity contains wheels. How did evolution bypass the invention of the wheel?

This lack of wheels in the natural world has fascinated humanity for many years. The famous painter M. si. Asher, (who is also my personal favorite painter), and who became famous for his impossible and ingenious paintings, was also disappointed by the lack of wheels in nature and created in 1951 the Pedalternorotandomovens - an imaginary creature with six human legs, a beak and two protruding eyes that can roll from place to place to the place

Asher's creature is of course imaginary. Why are there no animals and plants that use the wheel? Some examples of the use of balls in nature may come to your mind, such as the Tumbleweed bush, which is called in Hebrew "tumbling grass". This is the same bush that always appears in westerns in abandoned areas and is rolled from place to place by the wind. Similarly, the coconut is spherical and rolls (and floats) from place to place. But here we are talking about balls, not wheels. Richard Dawkins provides an interesting explanation of this subject in the same wonderful book I mentioned earlier - "The Ancestors Tale". He begins by claiming that the wheel is considered to us to be such an important tool only in comparison to the relatively poor legs we have. Almost all large animals can move faster than us using their legs. Until the invention of the engine, the wheel was used by man to move at a speed that was limited to the legs of the person who pulled the wheel. For the horse, for example, the wheel is not a fast means of transportation, but on the contrary - something that slows it down.

Another point that Dawkins raises (and also raised in many references to the subject in other books I've read), is that we tend to attach too much importance to the wheel because it is very dependent on another important invention - the road. Any racing car will stay far behind in a race with a goat when the track goes over a mountainside or even a rough field.

If so, continues Dawkins, perhaps the question should be changed - instead of asking how evolution bypassed the wheel, perhaps we should ask how evolution did not create the occupied road? From a technical point of view, creating a convenient way to pass is a trivial matter compared to marvelous creations of evolution, such as the artificial lake created by the beaver through a dam. In fact, there are animals that create occupied roads, such as a certain species of wasps (digger-wasps), which occupy soil using stones. Theoretically, larger animals could use a similar technology to create occupied roads, but an unexpected evolutionary problem arises here - even if creating roads is technically possible, it is an altruistic act in a dangerous way for the animal. In other words, if I invest energy and build a convenient road to get from point A to B, then you too, who didn't bother to help at all, will benefit just as much from the road I built.

This is the place to mention that Prof. Richard Dawkins became famous in 1976 when he published the groundbreaking book called "The Selfish Garden". The book brought an original and revolutionary approach to evolution from the perspective of the gene itself. And the gene, as it is expressed in the process of evolution - is selfish. An altruistic approach to a gene would be less favored by evolution, and therefore unlikely to evolve. If my opponent benefits from the path I worked hard to build, but he doesn't have to pay for it by investing time and energy, then he will benefit more than me from the path. As a result his genes will spread further in the population because while I work hard to build roads, he will get from place to place using the roads I have built. Since he will have more time and energy he will be able to fertilize more females and spread his sperm better. Therefore, the genes of those who invest in road construction will eventually disappear from the population and the lazy and selfish genes will spread more efficiently, to the point where roads simply won't be created anymore.

As a result, roads are not paved by animals, and in the bottom line everyone loses from this, but evolution does not work towards a particular direction or goal, and this is one of its results. This evolutionary difficulty could be solved by making roads exclusively within the territory of a particular animal or group of animals. After all, many animals demarcate territories for themselves and fiercely defend them, until they become their exclusive property. Why aren't roads paved within these territories for self-use only? The reason for this is apparently that the benefit generated from such a road in a relatively small territory that is in local use, does not justify the investment in "paving" roads, and certainly not in creating wheels for movement on these roads.

And there is another important and significant problem that Dawkins raises and which prevents the formation of wheels in nature - creating a wheel that rotates on an axis freely and at the same time be part of the animal's physical body is a complicated thing. The wheel is supposed to grow out of the body and therefore blood vessels and nervous systems are supposed to be connected to it in some way, just as blood vessels and nervous systems are connected to every other organ in the body. One can imagine what happens to such linked systems when they rotate and become entangled with each other, or alternatively rotate until they break.

Another problem arises from the common muscle structure in the natural world. Most animals are equipped with muscles that generate energy by contraction alone. In order to use the wheel, a completely different source of energy is needed in its essence, which will require a significant structural change in the animals. It may be possible to find a biological-evolutionary solution to these problems, but the bottom line is that we shouldn't be surprised that we don't find wheels among large animals in the wild.

And yet nature has developed wheels, except they are very tiny. The propulsion mechanism of a large part of the bacteria is called "shuton". The whip, as its name suggests, is a kind of tiny tail or whip that rotates quickly and allows the bacteria to move and rotate. The bat's engine is based on a molecular wheel that spins at high speed and even has a "gear box" that allows the wheel to change the direction of rotation. This is a very complex mechanism and for many years it was considered a real miracle. This fact, together with the fact that it is such a tiny engine consisting of a relatively small number of molecules, put the tiny bat at the center of the war between religion and science.

For years the Shotton and its engine were used by converts and creationists. They argued that the tremendous complexity of the Shotton is indivisible. In other words, the religious claimed that it is a complex unit that the removal of any part of it will lead to a collapse and a collection of useless or useless molecules. If it has no use, how did it develop in an evolutionary mechanism? The idea is absolutely true - evolution creates complexity as a result of the development of less complex things. The example that preceded Shoton was the eye. The religious claimed in the past that the eye is indivisible. They tried to claim that the amazing complexity of the eye could not be created as a result of evolution because, as they defined, there is nothing to do with "half an eye".

But the scientists proved that the eye was created as a result of the development of a simple nerve that showed a basic sensitivity to light. Light sensitivity, or the ability to know where there is light and where there is darkness, can be an advantage for any animal in that the animal will be able to identify whether it is swimming up or down in the sea, or alternatively it will allow you to know if it is already dark and it is relatively safe to get out of the cave without the predators jumping on you from every direction. Those whose nerves were more sensitive to light managed to survive better. Over time, the creatures developed more and more sensitive nerves, to the point where the optic nerves began to be sensitive enough to detect the predators or the prey, allowing objects to be identified to enable a quick escape. From here to the compound eye of man, the way is clear. By the way, it turned out that the eye development mechanism is one of the most common in nature and evidence was found that the eye developed at least 40 times in nature independently.

After it was unequivocally proven that the eye is absolutely suitable for an evolutionary development process, the clergy realized that they could not continue to use the eye as an example. They turned to less familiar things to try and substantiate their claims against evolution, and that's how they came to the conclusion of the bacteria. They again claimed that the baton is too complex a mechanism and that it cannot be disassembled because none of the parts will have any use. According to them, the shoton is a complex unit that cannot be divided. It is difficult to understand how such a complexity was created, and if it is difficult to understand, then according to them only God himself could have created it. This is classic religious logic and according to that logic, every appearance of a magician or juggler should be treated as a divine miracle. But don't worry - many scientific studies conducted in recent years have once again unequivocally proven that not only have more primitive whips and engines been found in nature, which can be seen as intermediate stages to the familiar whip, but it has also been proven that even if we disassemble the whip, it is found that its various parts have effective uses the most for the bacteria, and from these divisions the shoton evolved. In other words, the scientific evidence shows that the rod, like any biological mechanism, gradually developed from different and available parts, each of which had a different use. As in all similar cases, here too the unequivocal proof is that evolution is a proven and established fact.

Comments

  1. The wheel is not an invention, the earth is round, the stars and the sun are round, it's just a copy, towards the future this thing called a wheel will be abandoned in favor of devices that hover, for example flying cars, hovering carts, anything mechanized that hovers, when the machine hovers there is no terrible friction with the ground or any A different surface only with the air... everyone knows that airplanes and helicopters are the means of transportation with the fewest accidents that exists... Even a skateboard in the future will be like a hovercraft...

  2. The writer made a mistake in the example he gave. An example where a creature with a photosensitive nerve knew when to leave the cave and beware of predators. Hence, those predators already have some kind of visual system, and the author tried to explain how the first visual system developed. Hence there is a contradiction in his words.
    And above all, it is disappointing and sad every time that humans try to find an evolutionary explanation that lacks a "soul" for the noble development of nature. What is the real purpose of all this? Why rob nature of its wonder.
    I am not religious, yet I believe, the explanations of evolution are true to a certain extent, and man has a duty to investigate them, and get out of the circle of ignorance, but this does not mean to downplay the enormity of nature, and the possible meaning it can have, even if we do not understand it.

  3. late what
    The whole universe is built on a circular motion which is actually a wheel
    All the planets and their orbits
    The material reality - molecules, atoms and their surroundings
    We ourselves are constantly rolling with our ball at a considerable speed
    Every person who opens his eyes for the first time in his life will immediately come to a conclusion
    The wheel

  4. Hugin, etc.:
    enough !
    Maybe stop faking your mind??
    And to the other writers: are you sure it's worth taking a serious look at her visions???
    sad joke...

  5. Since the invention of the wheel
    I keep hearing about car accidents in the media

    It was possible to give up... 🙂

  6. The cool:
    I used the phrase as a joke.
    I didn't think to attribute treachery to you even for a moment.
    It is important for you to know - and this also relates to other issues: as soon as you release a word into the air, it takes on a life of its own - a life over which you have no control.
    This is doubly true when you express yourself online.
    That's why it's important, when formulating a response, to spend some time to understand all the ways in which people can interpret things and to formulate so that only the meaning you want things to have makes sense (so that if someone tries to give them a different meaning, you can point out their mistake).
    This is not a complete solution because there are also liars who stand firm that their lie is the correct interpretation of your words and you - by refuting their words - are simply lying. You must have seen how many times I come across this type of response. But still - saying accurate things blocks the stakeholders who are not liars and provides you with a tool to defend your words in front of the liars.

  7. In any case, if he intended to provoke by the parable he presented, then he succeeded. Even up to feedback
    to himself doubly.
    You know that Krylov in a similar way released the passion of the fire of criticism that burned in him against the authorities. He also managed to survive the situation in this way .. and in the end he became the eternal winner: a candle to the feet of every seeker of wisdom for many generations. And all in a parable...

  8. Phish.. Michael, are you disappointed that I will reach such a treacherous level?
    In any case, I wanted to write Plato's parable of the cave for her as a parody of her feeling, when what happens in reality is exactly the opposite..

  9. To the cool commenter:
    I hope you understand that Hagin can claim that she is the same person who broke free from the shackles and we are the ones who are bound by them and prefer to kill her instead of opening up to the wonders of her sublime insights.
    It will be, of course, nonsense, but not everyone is afraid of saying nonsense.

    Brutus is a friend of Julius Caesar who took advantage of the friendship to get close to him and assassinate him.
    http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%94,_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1%3F

  10. Eran um:
    Every opinion is a prejudice.
    When someone expresses an opinion - it is simply not possible for him to formulate the opinion only after expressing it.
    Although there is a joke where someone says "How will I know what I'm thinking before I hear what I said?" But this, as mentioned, is a joke.
    The "priority" of the opinion is not important. What is important is its correctness and degree of foundation.
    In my opinion, the opinion expressed by the author of the article is correct and well-founded and the historical event is true except for one detail: he gives the defenders of the religion more credit than they deserve because many of them (even on this site) still use the wrong argument about the non-discharge of the development of the eye.

  11. For the editor of the site and the writer of the article, "editing" on this site is very important.
    It seems to me that the author of the article was too busy with another article he wrote against converts.
    A normal editor would have removed the last paragraph which has nothing or half to do with the topic of the article, what does religion have to do with the wheel?
    It is better for the writer to leave the prejudices at home. It's healthier for the soul.
    Other than that, good luck, great article, and I sent it to many of my acquaintances.

  12. No pretender, just Hugin lives in a cave and she's trying to get Sabdarmish in there

  13. The truth is that it doesn't look like the cool commenter who has commented here so far.
    Is it impersonating?

  14. The cool commenter:
    Although you are Brutus?
    The freed cave dweller can also prove his righteousness and if he is an honest person he will not resort to unreasonable arrogance.
    Any crazy person can hang on to your words!

  15. Imagine people living in a cave underground. They sit with their backs to the mouth of the cave, and their hands and feet are tied so that they can only see the inner wall of the cave. Behind them is a wall, and behind it pass human-like beings who pour over its edge figures of various shapes. Behind the people a fire is burning, and in its light the various shapes cast shadows on the cave wall. The cave dwellers therefore only see this theater of shadows. Since they have been sitting like this since birth, they believe that these shadows are all there is.

    Imagine now that one of the cave dwellers managed to break free from his chains. The first thing he asks himself is where those shadows he sees on the cave wall come from. What do you think will happen as soon as he turns his head and sees the different shapes peeking over the edge of the wall? First, all the strong light dazzles him, and the brightness of the forms blinds his eyes, for until now he has only seen the shadows they cast. If he manages to climb the wall and cross the fire to the outside world, he will be blinded even more. But after he rubs his eyes he will begin to see how beautiful things are. For the first time in his life he sees clear colors and shapes. He will see the animals and flowers as they really are, and not as he has seen them until now, only in their pale appearances. And now he will begin to wonder and ask himself where all these flowers and animals come from. Then he will see the sun in the sky, and realize that it is the one who breathes life into flowers and animals, just as the fire of the campfire created the shadows.

    The lucky cave dweller can now continue to frolic in the meadow and revel in the freedom that fell to him. But instead he remembered all the others still sitting in the cave. He returns to them. He tries to convince them that the shadows they see on the cave wall are nothing but flickering images of "real" things. But they don't believe him. They point to the cave wall and say they see all there is to see. Finally they kill him.

  16. Hugin, please stop with the condescension and with sentences like "A person from the settlement has the option to see and trace the further evolution that lies within him and within the innermost nature of nature itself because he is an integral part of it. Any attempt to disable nature from its wonderfulness creates short-term and long-term blockages and defects."

    In the end I will be forced to delete such sentences so that Google will not find them and refer people to them, and thus it will turn out that the site I am responsible for will cause people to degenerate instead of educating them.

    Apart from that, those who humanize nature among the scientists do so in the language of the question. You feel that you think so. This site does not promote in any way, not even through the talkbacks, faith in the New Age.

  17. Hugin:
    Your threats do not scare me because it is clear to me that you are not what you claim and you are not endowed with the abilities you claim to be.

  18. Regarding the selfish gene from 75... there is a research theory that developed about two decades ago called evolutionary biology, or in popular language the evolution of behavior... I personally saw how the altruistic gene is the dominant one and animals fight over who will be the one to protect in order to be liked by the girls afterwards... see entry Humans, if you don't believe..all boys have this feeling..or as the rascals say, "coming out as a man"...

    Regarding evolution which is not proven... the fact that we don't know much more does not mean that the direct answer of the creator of the world should count.... I think that if the opening of the Tanakh announces something about the time of the formation of the universe that is clearly incorrect... and has also been proven to be incorrect... from that moment on it should be treated as A manuscript stored by people with their own interpretation... I strongly support that there are quite a few true things in our religious history... even if sometimes distorted there must always be a kernel of truth in them.
    But still... I don't know as one who is very particular about the subject, there is no problem in the section of evolutionary periods... the sequence is more or less known and every now and then a link is discovered here or there... a few hundreds of thousands of years more or less... the only problem is the beginning phase... and there were quite a few of those It turns out...nature created several human species and we survived.

    Regarding wheels in nature...well...a wheel is a physically problematic thing..since there is friction around it...also an efficient wheel must be light...so you have light versus fragile..after all, nature did not create fragile limbs..it also needs great utility. And a wheel has a single use while legs have many uses... a protective grip digging and what not... and in fact the only reason you need a wheel in nature is to carry a load that is more than you need for yourself or just your family while in nature the entire symbiosis of the species is based on the balance when you You eat when you're hungry..whenever you don't....you don't hoard if you don't have to (except for a bear that hibernates and once again hibernates like all animals of this type)...for example zebras will walk without fear near lions and lionesses who have just eaten because they know they won't They have nothing now...that's all the beauty of nature...and that's why there is no wheel among other things...because it's simply a less efficient form compared to what the world...nature is based on...
    It's that simple

  19. to hug

    I must point out that your explanation that nature preferred to give up the wheel, and move immediately to aviation is a winning explanation that I liked
    Dinosaurs that preferred aviation to anything else, survived

    Well done Hugin
    It might show… maybe you have a connection with… the birds… angels?
    Good night Hugin
    Sabdarmish Yehuda

  20. Michael
    You will have to come to terms at some point with the absolute fact that I am the representative of the higher will
    of nature. And I have no intention of clashing with you on the matter. Unless you harm the essence of the essence of my pride, something that I do not offer you, meaning that I will not let you neutralize or refute my existence-Iwasti-the core of my heart.
    Please don't upset Hugin, etc.

  21. Lamnon Carmel:
    Excellent article.
    It's been a long time since I've read an article that summarizes so many achievements of human thinking in such a concise and clear manner.
    To me, this is exactly the type of article that creates in a person the feeling of joy for being a person.
    well done.

    Amir:
    I hope it is clear to you that your words do not contradict what was said in the article, but on the contrary - confirm it.
    The creation of the paths, of which you speak, is not an activity that life engages in for its own sake. On the contrary - as you said, she prefers not to create paths but to follow existing paths!
    The fact that sometimes, in her attempt to move from one place to another, she also creates, as a byproduct, a path, does not make the creation of paths an activity that evolution has selected.

    Hugin:
    Yehuda used the term "gave up" with a different meaning than the one you attribute to it.
    Your claim that nature has not given up anything is true, but for a different reason than the one you attribute to it - a reason that, in my opinion, Yehuda also agrees with: nature has not given up anything because nature has no will and therefore cannot give up.
    Yehuda used the word relinquishment only figuratively because it is convenient, for certain needs, to analyze the act of evolution as if it is trying to achieve something, but this is just a form of expression that should not be taken literally.
    other thing:
    Your claim about the percentages of human potential utilization is unfounded and you have not yet proven to us in any way the existence of the phenomenal intelligence you speak of in you or in others.
    You are welcome to do so, but as long as you do not do so - do not be surprised that none of the independent thinkers believe you.

    wheel and manner:
    Well, my father answered you, but in fact your words do not warrant serious consideration because they are not based on serious consideration of others.

  22. Dear Yehuda and a friend of his people..
    It is better to keep the cynicism and sarcasm for the face refinements.
    With a flying mat, you would connect a thing to a thing and perceive that before the terrible decline in evolution, there was no need for wheels, because what is better than the ability to fly..??
    Think about it a little more on the fly, believe me it doesn't hurt to think.. far away..

    far away!!!

    Chow Beebum.. Chow Au Mau.
    Hugin

  23. to hug
    Perhaps nature has not given up anything from a mental, conceptual point of view, etc., but from a practical point of view, what to do, there is no zebra with wheels.

    And besides, I understand that you don't have too much trouble fasting
    So a good signature Hogin dear, and keep the book.
    Sabdarmish Yehuda

  24. The writer speaks from himself, he is jealous and a goist and this is how he sees nature
    There is a lot of harmony in nature for each other or for all or different people who live in harmony
    Even what he claims is evolution, evolution is not proven, there are many contradictory findings
    Remains of animals found in a geological layer prior to their time or ancient paintings or Aztec paintings of animals from millions of years ago or arrowheads or an iron pot found in layers even before the appearance of reptiles in general
    And those who are interested in the material exist only not in the famous way, to believe in evolution = superstitions

    No one in his faith will live

  25. To Judah
    Nature gave him up on nothing! He did not give up on the rotational potentials inherent in him. He did not give up on his beauty,
    He did not give up the phenomenal intelligence inherent in him.. A person from the settlement has the option to see and trace the further evolution that lies within him and within the innermost nature of nature itself because he is an integral part of it. Any attempt to disable nature from its wonderfulness creates short-term and long-term blockages and defects.
    If we are talking about evolutionary development, we are not talking about only an external aspect, but an overlapping correlation with an internal mental-consciousness aspect.
    This is the place where too proud people have lost touch with the issue and the common sense that sees development.

    The man of fake progress finds between 5% and 15% of the inner renewing potential inherent in him.
    The people of enlightened nature fulfill 100% and see and implement everything in one life cycle, and it is not
    About a life of 1000 years. Although there are those who think that far too..
    Nature develops according to the rhythms of the times - subject to a greater rhythm than it - to cycles of time. The inside is similar to the outside. The outside is similar to the inside. You need a little deep respect in life in order to observe all the evolutionary processes that darken inward and outward into many "embodied" surprises.
    Modern man is impatient! Disrespectful to the inside of life! Disrespectful to his true self!
    Lack of respect for the basic infrastructure and the nature woven into it.
    Nature throws out those who are not ready to recognize and respect it. There is no point in fighting nature, it is in the end
    the one who controls, but it is possible to take responsibility and listen to the secrets and potentials inherent in him and allow him to praise and delegate himself only through a person who takes personal responsibility! Internally.
    All the laws of the deep teachings ultimately help to reach this insight - and they are not invalid.
    A thing that helps to speak in a multi-year evolutionary process for many levels of life.

    so that's it.
    And there is no wise man as one who has experience and knowledge. The question is whose is each and every one's desire, and what did you choose to believe in even if it is an intelligent and false society! Which is completely against the very essence of full existence.

    And do yourselves a favor - don't distort my words. Don't distort it... and don't underestimate his phenomenal intelligence
    You have not yet met. There is a boomerang and an unforgiving, uncompromising pride, if someone calls me a derogatory name or tries to interfere with those who come to help you see and grow correctly... you got a chance.
    And I'm boiling!
    All the best.

  26. Regarding trails.
    Many people do create paths in life and prefer to walk them again and again
    And not only that, but other people use the same paths and praise them over time.
    This is as true for insects like ants that carry food to the nest as it is for large herbivores that move endless distances in migration.

    There are patrol trails to protect the territory, trails leading to important points such as preferred water or food sites, trails to lodging spots, migration trails.
    Paths are not paved randomly, they lay out the most comfortable topography, the shortest and safest way. Tour routes pass through strategic points that allow to see and show. Migration routes pass through water points or convenient obstacle crossing sites.

    Even if 4-wheel walkers do not need paths to move in the field, many show a preference for paths because it simply saves energy. If not in the near term then certainly in the ongoing term. Such ways are not broken with special effort. They are simply occupied under the weight of the walker and the elimination of disturbances by the movements of the feet passing through the area. There will always be the vanguard who will occupy the path first, followed by all the opportunists.

    DA Some of the roads that man used in the past were based on the paths of the AH. Exactly for the same reasons mentioned above. And on the other hand, we see those who adopt human ways, for example: predators (wolves, hyenas, foxes, etc.) who walk miles on occupied dirt roads because it is simply more convenient.

  27. And if anything, nature preferred the ball to the wheel. That's why we have the eyeball, blood corpuscles and ball joints.
    Nature gave up the possibility of many rotations because it was unable to create such a system that would operate in full rotational motion.

    Easy and pleasant fasting
    Sabdarmish Yehuda

  28. The joint connections and the eyeball are not considered? (blood cells do not roll).
    When a child rolled onto his back 3 million years ago, didn't he discover the operation of the wheel?

Leave a Reply

Email will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismat to prevent spam messages. Click here to learn how your response data is processed.