The Soyuz spacecraft is a third generation of manned spacecraft developed by the Soviet Union, today Russia. The Soyuz spacecraft is multi-purpose because it can be produced in series and is therefore economical, it can be maneuvered on a wide scale - rendezvous and adhesion maneuvers, preparation for the construction of large space stations.
The Soyuz spacecraft is a third generation of manned spacecraft developed by the Soviet Union, today Russia. Professor Blagonerov defines it - the spaceship of the future. The Soyuz spacecraft is multi-purpose because it can be produced in series and is therefore economical, it can be maneuvered on a wide scale - rendezvous and adhesion maneuvers, preparation for the construction of large space stations.
The structure of the spaceship
Like the Apollo spacecraft, the Soyuz spacecraft are built from three parts. One part is the orbital compartment, the second part is the take-off and landing and the third part is the instrument and propulsion compartment. The length of the spacecraft is 7.03 meters or 9.5 meters to the end of the attachment tube. The weight of the spacecraft is six tons. The spacecraft is able to stay in space for 30 days and has a crew of three people.
Astronauts have a minimal degree of control, command and ability to locate faults. In complete contrast to American procedures. They have no control over the functioning of the spacecraft during the launch. All operations at this stage are managed directly from the ground or with the help of automatic facilities. In emergencies, the astronauts cannot stop the flight on their own. Basically, the ground and automatic command, supervision and guidance arrangements are similar to those accepted in unmanned spacecraft.
the orbital cell
The orbital cell is spherical and its front part is used to attach to other spacecraft. The size of the cell is the same as that of the Gemini spacecraft: length 2.27 meters, maximum diameter 2.19 meters and its volume 6.3 cubic meters. The length of the protrusion at the front is 1.43 meters, of which 0.78 meters is the adhesion unit, and the rest is the adhesion tube. This part can be replaced with an adhesion tunnel that allows free passage from one spacecraft to another.
The cabin provides space for standing upright, working, resting and sleeping. The cabin contains control and communication equipment, a television camera, movie cameras, a sound recorder, scientific instruments for conducting guidance experiments for sticking to other spacecraft, meteorology, astronomy and other scientific equipment depending on the purpose of the launch. In the cell are installed all the convenience arrangements for carrying out the studies. For maximum lighting and views the work units are located near each of the four portholes. The cabin has a sofa, a mahogany table, a bookcase and an electric stove.
In this cabin the astronauts are in their free time and perform gymnastics exercises. The compartment can be used for off-board activity by closing and sealing the opening leading to the take-off and landing compartment, releasing the pressure and exiting the outer opening. The orbiter has four navigation engines, two on each side. Before returning to Israel, the cell was disconnected and thrown into the atmosphere.
The takeoff and landing cabin
The takeoff and landing cabin is the command cabin and has an aerodynamic structure. For the first time, this cell has a conical structure and not a sphere like the Vostok and Voskhod spaceships. With a spherical cell it is impossible to navigate when entering the atmosphere. The air resistance in this case is equal in all directions. The only possible entry into the atmosphere is through ballistic motion, therefore it is impossible to make deviation corrections on this path and the landing is not accurate. The conical structure has an almost flat base that also serves as a heat shield. The course of entering the atmosphere before landing depends on the angle between the heat shield and the flight line. Two tiny motors located inside the cell, at its base, allow changes in this angle. This way the astronauts can to a certain extent locate the landing site. The conical structure allows for aerodynamic lift and limits the acceleration to g 4 g – 3 instead of g 9 g – 8 which was noticeable in the Vostok and Voskhod flights. The cell is protected by an ablative material that maintains an internal temperature of 18 degrees even when it enters the atmosphere. In this cabin the astronauts sit during takeoff, maneuvering and landing.
The length of the cell is two meters, its diameter at the base is 2.19 meters and its volume is 2.7 mXNUMX. It weighs three tons. The control panel is at the front of the cabin and includes devices for monitoring the spacecraft system and its equipment, navigation devices, a TV screen and various operating knobs. Next to the control panel in a special porthole there is an optical aid system. To the right of the chair is the navigation lever and to the left is a speed change lever, radios, atmospheric entry control devices, life support systems, food tanks, water and parachutes.
Unlike the Apollo spaceships where water is produced as a byproduct of the fuel cell operations, in the Soyuz spaceships the water is stored in special containers like the food. The cell has four cameras - two from the inside and two from the outside. The cabin has auxiliary engines, on its right and left, which disconnect it from the orbital cabin for the return to Israel. This cabin is equipped with a parachute. The parachute was deployed at an altitude of 8 km. The braking rockets designed to soften the impact on the ground are activated at a height of one meter from the ground. The landing speed is less than 3 meters per second. Before returning to the ground, the takeoff and landing cabin disconnects itself from the toilet cabin and the runway cabin, and the auxiliary engines are activated for 146 seconds to slow down its speed.
The Apollo spacecraft will land on a computer-guided flight path. Before landing, the spacecraft adapts itself to the changing conditions during flight. The Soyuz spacecraft lands with assistance from the ground. Following the flight of Soyuz 1 which ended in tragedy, two parachute systems were inserted, one of which is a spare. Each system has two parachutes, a small one that deploys at an altitude of 9 km and the other large one at an altitude of 7 km. The small chute is the next stabilizing chute to prevent the spacecraft from rolling.
the rear compartment
This is the instrument and drive compartment. Its length is 2.76 meters and its diameter at its base is 2.8 meters. This cell contains equipment for monitoring the temperature, facilities for power supply, radios - long-range radio and telemetry radio equipment and computer-assisted orientation and maneuvering command. There are two engines in the cabin with a thrust force of 400 kg each. Only one engine is used. Both are used in emergencies. The engines are used both for altitude and trajectory changes and for slowing down the spacecraft. A separate engine system is used for navigation and stabilization during maneuvers. The spacecraft's stabilization system and control system, which is also in this compartment, can be operated manually and automatically. The orientation command is done with the help of a separate system of low-thrust motors. The amount of fuel allows a flight at a maximum altitude of 1,300 km.
Two shelves of solar collectors are connected to this cell to generate electricity. The length of each shelf is 3.7 meters and their total area is 14 square meters. In order for the shelves to be maximally exposed to sunlight, the spacecraft rotates around an axis at a speed of several degrees per second.
atmosphere
Unlike the Apollo spacecraft that have oxygen tanks that inject air into the body of the spacecraft or the space suits, in Soyuz the freshness of the atmosphere is maintained by chemical regeneration, a system that does not allow direct transfer of the oxygen directly to the space suits. The respiratory system is based on alkali metals that absorb the 2 CO and at the same time produce oxygen which is used to create a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen at normal atmospheric pressure. In the Apollo spaceships the pure oxygen atmosphere is at a reduced pressure. Special heat exchange units condense the excess moisture and flow it into special moisture collection tanks. Following the flight of Soyuz 11, several changes were made to the spacecraft. The spacecraft has a new system containing oxygen bottles and a "loop suit" - a control system for maintaining the integrity of the space suits. This system necessitated the removal of the third seat and thus the number of astronauts was reduced to two.
Division of the working day
The working day corresponds to the national working day. 8 hours of sleep, after waking up the astronauts perform gymnastics exercises for 25 minutes. Eat 3-4 times a day. The rest of the time is equally divided between work and rest. When the astronauts sleep they are attached to the chairs with belts so that they do not float and do not get hurt.
מזון
The food in the spacecraft is packed in tubes, boxes and packs.
launcher
The launcher is an RNS model, its length is 49 meters and its thrust force is 700 tons. It is actually an RNV type launcher with an RD-214 third stage attached to it with a thrust of 78 tons. It weighs 300 tons.
Yes the launch
Yes, the launcher rotates around itself so that spaceships can be launched at any desired angle.
