Annecy's book Analytical Institutions provided a clear summary of the state of knowledge in the field of mathematical analysis
Despite her important contribution to the world of mathematics, Maria Gaetana Agnesi did not have a long mathematical career.
Annecy was not a typical famous mathematician. She lived a simple life and gave up mathematics at a young age. At first glance her life seemed boring, but considering the circumstances in which she grew up, her achievements in mathematics were remarkable.
Maria Gatana Aniesi was born in Milan on May 16, 1718, to a rich and educated family. Annecy won a place of honor in the history of mathematics when she wrote the first book that discussed differential and integral calculus together. She was an honorary member of the faculty of the University of Bologna but preferred the studies of theology and the fathers of the church, devoting her time to charity and serving the poor. Later she established a hospital in her home.
Her father, Pietro Annisi, a mathematics professor at the University of Bologna, sought to bring his family into the Milanese aristocracy. To achieve this he married Anna Fortuna in Rivo in 1717.
In Italy, where the Renaissance period began and its influence was evident until many years later, women left their mark on the academic world. Educated women were admired by men, and unlike elsewhere in Europe, they were not looked down upon for being intellectual and educated. This approach allowed women in Italy to participate in art, medicine, literature and mathematics. Annecy was the most important female figure in the 18th century.
She was the oldest of her father's 23 children, from three wives. She received a pampering education: she spoke French at the age of five and specialized in Latin, and Hebrew and also learned several modern languages at the age of nine. In her teenage years she specialized in mathematics.
Anity suffered a mysterious illness at the age of 12 attributed to her study load, and the doctors wrote her a prescription ordering her to learn dancing and ride horses. The treatment did not help, and she began to suffer from convulsions, and was asked to rest. At the age of 14 she studied ballistics and geometry. When she was 15, her father began to gather a circle of friends among the educated people of Bologna, with whom she talked and delved into the most complex philosophical questions. The documentation of these meetings is noted in Charles de Brussa's book "Letters from Italy" and in her book Propositiones Philosophicae published in 1738, in which she summarized her appearances before the educated and defended 190 hypotheses. In many of the articles in the book, she recommended women to acquire an education.
Anisy's house was a meeting place for most of the intellectuals of those days. Maria participated in most of the seminars, she talked with the guests about philosophical and mathematical topics. Maria was shy by nature and did not like these meetings but she continued to attend them to please her father until her mother's death. Her father married twice after her mother's death and he agreed to finance her activities. Enysi delved mainly into differential calculus and integral calculus.
After her mother's death, she took over the management of the house. Perhaps the sheer amount of work involved in taking care of so many siblings explains the fact that she never married.
At the age of 20 she began to write her most important work Analytical Institutions. The book discusses the branch of differential and integral calculus. Historical records indicate that she initially wrote the book as a textbook for her brother, and later the book expanded to include more complex topics.
When her work was published in 1748 it caused excitement in the academic world. This was one of the first and most complete works on the analysis of infinitesimal numbers. Aeneisi's great contribution to mathematics in this book is that he brought together the work of various mathematicians in a consistent way and added his own interpretations. The book became a model for clarity, was translated into many languages and served as a textbook.
Analytical Institutions provided a clear summary of the state of knowledge in the field of mathematical analysis. Its first part discusses the analysis of finite quantities. He also discusses fundamental problems of maxima, minima, tangents and inflection points. The second part discusses the analysis of infinitely small numbers (infinitismal numbers). The third part deals with integral calculus and discusses the state of knowledge in general. The last part deals with the method of inversion of tangents and differential equations.
Enisei is known mainly from the curve known as "the witch of Enisei" (see illustration from her book Analytical Institutions). Annecy wrote the equation of this curve in the format a*sqrt(a*xx*x)/x because she considered the X-axis to be the vertical axis and the Y-axis to be the horizontal axis. Nowadays it would be written in a different way using X as the horizontal axis and Y as the vertical axis, (yx^2=a^2(ay or (y = a^3/(x^2 + a^2). This is a refinement of The sine curve that was first studied by Parma. "It was called versiera - a word taken from the Latin root vertere which means "to turn around." But it is also used as an abbreviation of the Italian word aversiera which means "wife of the devil". However, when Ennisi's book was translated into English, the word versiera was translated into " "witch" (witch), and the curve was nicknamed "the witch of Aeneisi."
Following the success of her book, Maria was elected to the Bologna Academy of Sciences. The university gave her a diploma and her name was added to the list of faculty members, but for many years there was a debate as to whether Maria received the appointment because at that time she was devoting her time to charitable activities. Her father seems to have provided the inspiration for her interest in mathematics. When the father died in 1752, Maria gave up continuing the mathematical work. When in 1762 the University of Turin asked her for her opinion on the young Lagrange's article on the calculus of variations, her response was that she was no longer interested in these issues.
Anyisi was a religious woman and devoted her life to the poor, the homeless and the sick, especially women. When the Pio Instituto Trivulzo, a home for the sick and debilitated, opened, Maria was appointed director of the institution. She cared for sick and dying women until her own death. It seems that religious life and helping the needy interested her more than mathematics. She died at the age of eighty, in January 1799.
One of the stories, the credibility of which is very difficult to know, describes that Aneesi used to travel in her sleep. According to one of the stories, she went to her study in her sleep, solved a number of mathematical problems that she had not been able to solve before, and when she woke up she was amazed to find the perfect solution lying on her desk.
About Maria Gatana Enisi in Wikipedia
An article about her at Agnes Scott College
More of the topic in Hayadan:
- Sophie Germain - the mathematician who refused to accept a pure gold statue as a prize
- Did Einstein's first wife secretly compose the theory of relativity with him in 1905?
46 תגובות
Joseph,
And for those who read his response,
The books of Plato and Aristotle were never lost in Greek, and they were translated in modern times into all languages including Hebrew from ancient Greek.
Then answer her on my behalf
Miracles,
I don't want to take your job...
sympathetic
Maybe just answer Tamar?
Miracles,
I am discussing the matter with you because your answer was unfounded. First of all, it can be understood from Tamar's wish that she is interested in the origin of more than a hundred years back. Second Rosalind Parklin accepted a position in the academy she had a laboratory. The attitude towards her was partly compounded by her being a woman but also by a different view of science. Watson and Crick who did "steal" the results of her experiments from her were wise enough to publish the double helix drawing in their article. Sometimes the way you publish results has consequences. Secondly, due to her approach to science, Rosalind hesitated to publish her results while Watson and Crick realized that they were in a close race with Linus Pauling on the structure of DNA, so to say that what happened in the case of Rosalind Parklin is an example of discrimination against women is a grotesque simplification of the subject of discrimination. It is possible that discrimination against women is also in the Nobel Prizes, but read Tamar's question again "Is it possible to get a reference that in other places in Europe, women were treated with disdain for being intellectual and educated? Or that in the period before the Renaissance, women were not allowed to acquire a higher education? We are constantly told that in the past, women were not allowed to study and cultivate a career." Didn't Rosalind Franklin cultivate a career? Didn't they let her acquire an education? Did they underestimate her or did she remain her own (on the contrary, they relied on her to get the double helix structure)? Many examples of discrimination can be given, the case of Rosalind Parklin is certainly not representative. Finally, if women were indeed not allowed to acquire an education, then it is likely that we will not hear about these women who did not acquire an education. So the real answer to Tamar's question lies in statistics and citing laws (that discriminated against women) less in examples. By the way, Vera Rubin is an example of a woman who overcame discrimination. She was the first woman who was allowed to work as an observer at Mitzpe Palmor. She accepted a position, so again this is a woman who had access to education and was not looked down upon, so this example is also not relevant to Tamar's question.
sympathetic
Rosalind Franklin is an example of a scientist who experienced discrimination on the basis of being a woman. Anyone who wants a reference to discrimination in the academy against women - should read about Rosalind Franklin.
There is a long list of female scientists in recent times who have experienced discrimination (have you ever heard of Vera Rubin, for example?). If today it happens, then I think it is reasonable to assume that in the more distant past there was also discrimination.
And I don't even understand why you are discussing this with me. This was my answer to Tamar. Let's leave it at that?
Miracles
Myth or not what is Rosalind Franklin related to? Except that I did not claim that there was or is no discrimination against women
So it is not clear why you are surprised at me?
sympathetic
Please read the end of Tamar's last sentence - "A myth regarding the oppression of women".
Is it a myth or not?
In Italy, where the Renaissance began, typo
Miracles
Did anyone even say that there was no discrimination against women or that today it does not exist? Tamar
Just asked for sources for the claim that discrimination against women has always existed and you gave it
Here is an example that, as I mentioned, is clearly not relevant.
There were other scientists who found helping humans a higher task than science. Not in the dark religion that opposes evolution and the big bang and research in general but in helping humans. She had the intellect to be a scientist but she channeled it into an activity that did not leave her mark in history. It is interesting because, for example, even Isaiah Leibovitz, if it were not for the books written by his devoted student, would not have left a rich legacy of books, and Socrates would also have remained unknown if it were not for the writings of Plato and Plato's student Aristotle, who disagreed with Plato but was his student. And if the books had not been translated into Arabic they would have been lost in Greek, and then translated back into Latin. In those days, absurdly, the culture of Islam was a Renaissance and the culture of the West was the Middle Ages. Alchemy (Alchemy) Algebra (Al Jaber) The decimal system that leapfrogged mathematics, philosophy (Rambam) were Arabs and Saleh al-Din was shocked by Richard the Lion of the Lion who slaughtered women and children and not just warriors. upside-down world. Around 1400, the kingdom of Islam fell into the hands of the Zealots (the barbarian invasions of Spain and their war with the Alcide) and Europe left the Middle Ages for a renaissance.
sympathetic
During Rosalind Parklin's time, Cambridge did not award BA and MA degrees to women at all. Leave aside the scientific debates, you cannot honestly say that there was gender equality in academia even 50 years ago.
I am really surprised by you and converted. Do you really think there was no discrimination against years in the recent past? Even today, in most of the world women are discriminated against. There is also discrimination in Israel, right now.
Miracles
Tamar asked you about examples of women not being allowed to develop a career
"At the time we are told that in the past women were not allowed to study and cultivate a career and then when we come across examples that contradict the assumption..." And you tell her to read about Rosalind Franklin who lived in the twentieth century??? Accepting a position as a researcher
In one of the leading universities in the world at that time??? Tamar mainly asks about the period
"Before the Renaissance, women were not allowed to acquire a higher education..."
The attitude towards Franklin was chauvinistic but wasn't she allowed to develop a career? Didn't she get a job?
The confrontation between her and Watson and Crick was also based on chauvinism but more on the perception of what science is and how it is done. Watson and Crick built bead and wire models and Franklin treated them like a pair of children playing with toys. Franklin published results only when she was XNUMX percent sure and Watson and Crick were speculating. Does science progress more with orderly and methodical work or by playing is a different question than the question of women in science and the attitude towards them.
date
You don't have to look far. Read a little about Rosalind Franklin.
Is it possible to get a reference that in other places in Europe, women were treated with disdain for being intellectual and educated? Or in the period before the Renaissance, women were not allowed to acquire a higher education?
We are constantly told that in the past women were not allowed to study and cultivate a career, and then when we come across examples that contradict this assumption, they are quick to emphasize to us that this is an unusual example (usually without backing it up with a reference) and this is how the myth of women's oppression is established
Is it possible to get a reference that in other places in Europe, women were treated with disdain for being intellectual and educated? Or in the period before the Renaissance, women were not allowed to acquire a higher education?
We are constantly told that in the past women were not allowed to study and cultivate a career, and then when we come across examples that contradict this assumption, they are quick to emphasize to us that this is an unusual example (usually without backing it up with a reference) and this is how the myth of women's oppression is established
It is worth noting that there is an asteroid named after Maria Aneisi, in addition to a crater on Venus.
Kobi
You described 3 cases. The three cases are completely different.
Newton's apple tree was not in his room. In his room he did experiments and wrote a lot - what is unusual here?
Mendeleev himself never spoke of a dream. The dream is the invention of a guy named Inostransev.
Sleepwalking is not uncommon, and some people even drive long distances. This is a familiar phenomenon, especially in children and is sometimes caused by lack of sleep.
I mean... what you said doesn't make much sense.
Abby, think outside the box.
Just because things don't make sense to you, doesn't mean they don't exist.
Maybe someone planted the information for them?
Precisely because people do not believe in things beyond logic, they will never discover the truth.
In short, go a little outside the box.
No, because the brain is a very sophisticated organ and we don't know many things about it.
It's amazing how all these revelations came to these people in strange ways.
Newton locked himself in his house.
Aneesi received the information in dreams.
The periodic table was assembled in a dream.
more and more..
And does it not seem strange to anyone?
Please note that commercial advertising must not be posted on the comments platform. Please read the website terms of use
https://www.hayadan.org.il/disclaimer/
EINAV, when you write "his" and "he" who do you mean? for the article? Is this "correct reference to male and female"?
Indeed the article is full of linguistic mistakes, but only fluent Hebrew speakers are allowed to comment on that...
At the end of the article it was said:
One of the stories, the credibility of which is very difficult to know, describes that Aneesi used to travel in her sleep. According to one of the stories, she went to her study in her sleep, solved a number of mathematical problems that she had not been able to solve before, and when she woke up she was amazed to find the perfect solution lying on her desk.
Considering all the old scientists this is not strange, for example the Russian guy who discovered the periodic table claims that he even dreamed about it.
The relative equality of women in academia in Italy is a result of the Renaissance, even if it is hundreds of years later.
Nice and interesting!
The Renaissance did not begin in the seventeenth century. She really didn't live in Renaissance Italy.
Nor will we "start the process" of the renaissance.
Too bad, because the information itself is interesting
Asaf A.,
I guess the answer to your question is inertia. Just like some history teacher who once taught in some high school
And rumor has it that she continued to teach the same material 3 years after she passed away. I think they called it TAI (History of the People of Israel)
A. The so-called "Witch of Ennis" curve is often known as the Lorentzian or difficulty distribution. This is the distribution that describes the decrease in amplitude with distance from resonance as well as the intensity of illumination in the vicinity of a spectral line.
B. The above curve stars today on the Google home page
Peace
A wonderful story about a great woman who contributed a lot to the world of mathematics and her own world. It's a shame that instead of addressing the substance of the matter, all the readers who commented here, addressed the grammatical errors. There are beautiful stories that speak for themselves, and this is one of them. Father, don't pay attention to them, and to Hurt them, because they are probably frustrated by something, and they take it out on you. You brought here a beautiful article, about an important woman, who holds a place of honor in the world of mathematics, first and foremost, because she wrote the first analysis book, in Italy - because that is the country where she was born And finally, in the history books, because she was a kind-hearted woman, who preferred, despite having received a good position at the University of Bologna, to serve the poor, and to establish a private hospital in her home. She gave up her personal life, in order to serve others. She was a great woman, whom everyone We should learn from her, about love for others, and about love for family. About diligence, about perseverance, about contributing to the country and the history books. I really enjoyed reading the article, and I would love to read more of your articles. Thank you, my father.
It became a letter to a riddle. who was she What does this day have to do with her? What is her father related to? And who wrote with many errors? Oh, and how could it be that the Shas were in the coalition. And if there was a coalition at all, and the most important thing, what am I supposed to do with this data?
Also
reader,
Let's assume that this is an editing error, but how do you explain that people who died a decade ago still vote for Shas in the elections?
Her father, Pietro Annisi, is a professor of mathematics at the University of Bologna
She was the oldest of the 23 children of her father, a rich merchant,
Which one was he?
I understood what she did and you guys are geniuses lol
I understood what she did and you guys are geniuses lol
The young Grange-my love.
The writing is beautiful, but in my opinion some things are not correct, such as the fact that what is known here as the field of mathematical analysis is probably a Hebrew translation of the word analysis haha 😀 and this is not its meaning, but rather it means connection/combination and this name comes from the connection between algebra and geometry in analytical geometry/in the combination of the differential and integral calculus And both things are dealt with by the Hadoa, hence its name as an analysis (in my opinion) 🙂
And the second thing is that in this period differential calculus and integral calculus were not separate things. Before Newton and Leibniz they were, although it was not their name.
I made another linguistic edit, if there are still problems I would appreciate any comment and implement it immediately.
The sources for the article are articles in English, including the Wikipedia entry. There is not a single source in Hebrew and therefore I could not do a pasting, which is true, it is possible that due to the speed the merging of the sources got complicated. At this point I also deleted several duplicates.
my father
einav, I also started reading the article out of genuine interest, and even finished it to the end, despite the errors, and the inaccuracies, so don't give a damn - just say you lost interest in the middle.
This did not prevent me first of all from reading the entire article - and then joining your criticism of the carelessness with which the article was put on the website - as if someone found it on some website, did a copy-paste, did not check grammar, wording, or elementary editing
Thanks for the comment, of course it's about her father's passing. She herself, as written at the beginning of the article, died at the age of 80 in 1799
Her father seems to have provided the inspiration for her interest in mathematics. When she died, in 1752, Maria gave up continuing the mathematical work. When in 1762 the University of Turin asked her for her opinion on the young Lagrange's article on the calculus of variations, her response was that she was no longer interested in these issues.
Who is your linguistic editor? How could it be that she died in 1752 and responded 10 years later?!
I started reading the article out of genuine interest, but I couldn't even get to the middle of it because it is full of spelling errors, incorrect references to male and female, and wording that makes it seem like no one checked before this article went online. Too bad. In my opinion, this indicates a lack of professionalism.