A recently discovered Jupiter-type world is so hot that it stretches the definition of the word "planet". It was discovered through a sky survey carried out from telescopes built from off-the-shelf components and is proof that scientific discoveries in astronomy can also be made with cheap means
A newly discovered Jupiter-type world is so hot that it stretches the definition of the word "planet". With a daytime temperature of 4,600 Kelvin, the planet KELT-9b is hotter than most stars, and only about 1,200 degrees Kelvin (or Celsius) colder than our Sun.
In an article in the current edition of the journal Nature and in a presentation at the Asian meeting of the American Astronomical Society, members of an international research team describeי Led by astronomers from Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University, a planet with some unusual features.
For example, it is a gas giant 2.8 times more massive than Jupiter but its density is only half that of Jupiter. This is because the extreme radiation from its host star caused its atmosphere to inflate like a balloon. and direction שGravitationally locked to its star – like the Moon is to Earth – the dayside of the planet is constantly bombarded by stellar radiation, resulting in it being so hot that molecules such as water, carbon dioxide and methane cannot stay there. The characteristics of the side at night are still mysterious - gas molecules can get there, but probably stay there only temporarily.
"It's a planet by all the typical mass-based definitions, but its atmosphere is almost certainly that of a star just because of the temperature of its day side," said Scott Gowdy, professor of astronomy at Ohio State University and lead author of the study.
KELT-9b orbits the star, known as KELT-9, which is more than twice as large and almost twice as heavy as our Sun. Kelvin Stone, professor of physics and astronomy at Vanderbilt, who conducted the study with Gowdy, said that "KELT-9 emits ultraviolet radiation so strong that it could vaporize the planet. Therefore, if giant planets like KELT-9b have solid rocky cores as suggested by some of the theories, the planet may be arid, like the planet Mercury." That is if the star does not grow and swallow the planet. "KELT-9 will swell and become a red giant star in about a billion years," Stason said.
Given the fact that its atmosphere is constantly blasted with high levels of ultraviolet radiation, the planet may even 'shed' a tail of vaporized stellar material like a comet, Gowdy added.
While Gowdy and Stason spend a lot of time developing spacecraft designed to find habitable planets in other solar systems, the scientists say there's good reason to study impossible worlds in the extreme.
"As highlighted by recent discoveries including the planet discovered around one of the closest stars to the Sun - Proxima Centauri and the amazing system discovered around TRAPPIST-1, the astronomical community is clearly focused on finding Earth-like planets around smaller, cooler stars like our Sun. Planets that might host animals can be studied, and they orbit extremely low-mass stars, and on the other hand, because KELT-9b's host star is larger and hotter than the Sun, it complements these efforts and provides a kind of touchstone for understanding how planets behave in solar systems at their center A hot and massive star.” Gaudi said.
Stasson added that "when we seek to develop a complete picture of the variety of other worlds out there, it is important to know not only how the planets are formed and develop, but also when and under what conditions they are destroyed."
The planet KELT-9b was discovered in 2014 by astronomers using the KELT-North telescope at Wiener Observatory in Arizona. They noticed a tiny dip in the star's brightness – only about half a percent – that occurred when a planet passed in front of the star. The brightness decreased once every 1.5 days, meaning the star completes an "annual" orbit around its star every 1.5 days.
Follow-up observations confirmed that the signal was caused by the existence of a planet, and revealed that it is what astronomers call "hot Jupiter" - the ideal planet for the KELT telescope. KELT stands for Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope.” Astronomers from Ohio State University, Vanderbilt University, and Lehigh University are working together on two KELT observatories (one in the Northern Hemisphere and the other in the Southern Hemisphere) to fill a major gap in the technologies available to detect exoplanets.
Other telescopes are designed to look at very faint stars in very small parts of the sky, with very high resolution. KELT telescopes, on the other hand, observe millions of very bright stars at once, across wide swathes of the sky, at low resolution. This is a very cheap means for the mission of hunting planets and most of its components are off-the-shelf technology. While building an astronomical telescope costs millions of dollars per telescope, the hardware for the KELT telescope cost less than $75,000.
"This discovery is a testament to the discovery power of small telescopes, and the ability of citizen scientists to directly contribute to cutting-edge scientific research," said Joshua Pepper, an astronomer and physics professor at Lehigh University who built the two KELT telescopes.
Astronomers hope to get a closer look at the new planet with space telescopes – including Spitzer, the Hubble Space Telescope, and eventually the James Webb Space Telescope. Observations with Hubble will allow them to see if the star does indeed have a comet tail, and allow them to determine how much longer this planet will remain in its current hellish state.
12 תגובות
It is possible to believe in God who is outside the world, perhaps in another dimension that we are unable to perceive according to Descartes for example (duality)
On the other hand, but a little more difficult to grasp is God in a fantastical and immanent conception like Spinoza's God - that is, the universe (actually the world - which is both physical and spiritual) is all there is, it is infinite, God is an infinite force, and two infinite dimensions cannot exist together, right? God and the world were you. Simply put, God is the force that moves the world, sets the laws in it and manages it both in the small and in the big and also constitutes the world and is in everything.
Those who believe in such a God should understand that the laws of nature or the laws of science are God's laws (including evolution) that there is no such thing as "supernatural" and there are no miracles - because a miracle or supernatural is a violation of God's laws.
And by the way, Professor Einstein said he believed in Spinoza's God.
Father, you are right, what was "before" the big bang cannot be understood and is hidden from us for the time being.
The very fact that there was no time only proves the magnitude of the problem even in a basic concept.
It is possible and there can be something outside of that which created or not in any case he or she can be considered a higher power and even meets this definition because they are not bound by the physical laws that bind us all.
The center is probably in another dimension different from the three dimensions and time, it is another dimension that we are unable to grasp.
Philosophically, when everything is compressed to another point, there is no beginning and no end, no space at all, and no time at all, and there is no time, which means that there is no sequence of events either - that is, nothing happens, neither forward nor backward, and if there is no time, then there is nothing and nothing, Including a big bang (as Bibi says) Hey, how will a big bang happen if there is no place for it to happen and no time for it to happen? So it is impossible to talk at all about a beginning or a continuation or a location in space. Some think that this is the situation in the center of a black hole... All this is sublime from the understanding of the three-dimensional man and therefore a good basis for continuing to believe in the Creator of the world or a supreme power.
Isn't the center the starting point?
That is, it started from some point from which space and time were created.
Is it not possible to trace this source?
Everything else I agree with you, only the issue of the center is not clear to me, because if there was a beginning then there is a center and if not then it is a paradox, because it actually means that the universe was always and did not start from a point, even if everything expands like a bubble in all directions, there is still a starting point to this bubble
Yosef
The universe has no center.
To understand - try to define what a center is. What features does it have? How do you know where the center is?
I read my father's explanation in Brian Greene's book I Think and Others. From childhood to adulthood for the milk. Therefore in this sense it is acceptable to me. That is, we are a point on an imaginary expanding shell.
In the super universe there may not be a center and there may be. In the visible universe created to our understanding by a big bang there is a center for my understanding. The epicenter of the Big Bang. It may be moving, but in the residential sense it is a center. The other arguments are acceptable to me.
to Eran
The image that is used to illustrate this is that you are on the shell of a balloon that inflates on such a shell, every point moves away from every other point at the same speed, if you are on one of the points it seems to you that you are in the center and everyone is moving away from you.
This is how the universe expands, the entire space is a size, and therefore all the points in this space are moving away from each other and from everywhere it seems to you that you are in the center and everyone is moving away from you.
The point is that we are three-dimensional beings and the universe is probably expanding and "inflating" in an additional dimension or dimensions that we cannot perceive with our senses.
If a multi-dimensional being looks at us, it will perceive this opening, it is like we (three-dimensional beings) are looking at a point on the envelope of a balloon, which is a two-dimensional being, and we do not exist in relation to it at all.
We cannot see with our senses the swelling nor the receding, we can only know that there is such receding by physical measurements, for example measuring the deviation of the spectrum of light from very distant galaxies.
We do not look at the past, we simply see the light that comes from distant galaxies after a long time when it reaches us, light that came out of them many years ago and therefore it is as if we are seeing what was in the past. It's like you hear an explosion a few seconds after it happened because of the time it takes for the sound to reach you.
Miracles how is there no center to the universe if everything started from one point?
Isn't this a paradox?
If it spreads uniformly, did it have some beginning at some location?
Eran
We are not at the center, because as far as we know, the universe has no center.
The universe is spreading uniformly, like yeast dough that swells. At each point, you see a uniform spread in all directions - in other words, the distance between any two points spreads equally - in percentages. For example if you miss a point a meter away and after a year it is 2 meters away, then a point 30 meters away is now 60 meters away.
In addition, light has a constant speed in space. Therefore the light that reaches us from distant stars came out a long time ago. That's why we see the star "in the past".
Note: In the articles, it is recommended that the stars indicate their position in the sky and their distance from the Earth.
Maybe attach to the article some kind of "identity card" with such details.
I wanted to know if someone could explain to me, if the universe is constantly expanding and we are actually looking at the past - come on, is there such a thing as looking back? Where are we in the middle? At first? at the end? I understand that the whole space expands like a bubble in every direction so that every direction we look is actually forward or backward in time, which means we are the center? Or is there a reason that the universe in it expanded further away from us or less far away from us?