A study examining the DNA of two Neanderthals reveals that they had fair skin and red hair. The same researchers discovered a genetic mutation that turns mammoths into blondes
Analysis of DNA sequences, extracted from the bones of two Neanderthals, has led researchers to hypothesize that at least some of the Neanderthals were redheads and their skin was pale. This was reported in the journal Science.
An international team of scientists says that the pigmentation of the Neanderthals was varied, perhaps like that of modern humans, and that at least one percent of them were probably redheads.
The scientists, led by Holgur Rümpler of Harvard University and the University of Leipzig, Carles Laloise-Fox of the University of Barcelona and Michael Freiter of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig-Mizzo, amplified and analyzed the pigmentation gene known as MC1R from the bones of a 43,000-year-old Neanderthal from El Cidruán, Spain, and of an individual who lived before 50 thousand years in Monti Lassini, Italy.
"Along with other genes, in humans and other mammals," said Rumpler, a postdoctoral fellow working in the Department of Evolutionary and Organismal Biology at Harvard. "The two Neanderthal individuals we studied showed a point mutation that was not seen in modern humans. When we activated this mutation in human cells, we found that it impaired the activity of the MC1R gene, a condition that leads to red hair and pale skin in modern humans."
Mammoth in Blonde
To be sure that this point mutation did not come from contamination from modern humans, the researchers examined about 3,700 people, including those who extracted the genes in the past or were involved in the project of extracting and deciphering the genes of the two Neanderthals. The mutation was not discovered in any of them and this proves, according to him, that the red hair developed in two different pathways in Neanderthal man and Homo sapiens.
In 2006, researchers, led by Rumpler, found a mutation in the hairy mammoths that made some of them blonde. Together with her colleagues from Howard, she discovered that a similar mutation causes a bright color in mice. Rumpler and her colleagues are collaborating again to identify genetic changes responsible for pigment variation in other extinct animals.
The research was funded with the assistance of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, the Catalan Regional Government, the Max Planck Institute, the German Ministry of Education, the IZKF Foundation from Leipzig and more.
21 תגובות
to markets
What you wrote about the redheads does not show the nature of their soul, but the nature of your crooked soul.
The redheads I know are really cute!
And in general, my grandfather was a redhead.
good week
Sabdarmish Yehuda
To Esther and Cezana
It is clear to me that Esther is written in T, but why, it is a Persian word in its origin and there they did not write it with TH, (as far as I know there is no TH in Persian) Another thing is the very fact that the two translation options of Esther into English are allowed, this says Darshani.
Note that the word Neanderthal is not necessarily of English origin, do we have to stick to the English translation of a concept, with or without TH, so that we can decide how to write it in our sacred language??
The days of the British Mandate are long gone.
Really smiling
Sabdarmish Yehuda
I hate redheads!
They are evil and soulless people.
As far as I know, there are no unequivocal rules in the Hebrew language for translating foreign words. Although it is customary to interpret th as 'T' and t as 'T', the Hebrew Academy has not reached an unequivocal decision on the subject.
Because of this, you can also find different versions of 'mathematics', accepted by different teachers.
Esther -
The word Esther came to us from the Bible. So it's easy to know how to write it down. Since the word 'Neanderthal' did not appear in the Bible, the issue here is more problematic.
Instead of telling me that Esther can be written with XNUMX, open a certain scroll and see how it is written.
You won't believe it, dear Mrs. Esther, but I have a Babylon dictionary on my computer, and maybe you too, and I asked him to translate Ester and he translated it beautifully, beautifully into the name Esther, so the dictionary didn't care if it was with an H or without an H. In both cases I got your name.
So I hope that if it's not that important to Babylon then it won't be that important to you either, dear Esther
May we always smile
Sabdarmish Yehuda
Yehuda Sabdarmish?
Neanderthal, th and not t because the spelling of th is the letter t.
For this reason,
Esther = Esther
telephone = telephone
And so on.
To Mr. R. Besha
I took your words to heart and will look into the T-T problem.
Sabdarmish Yehuda
I still want to understand what the Neanderthal's evolutionary uniqueness is and what constraint he tried to overcome evolutionarily. If we know this we can bet in a better way where it developed. For example, if his essence was that he developed fur, you would assume that he was a Northern European creature, but I assume that he did not have fur.
I would be happy if you enlighten me
Sabdarmish Yehuda
To Yehuda Sabdarmish, it is clear that theoretically it is possible and if the development of the Neanderthals took place on islands or in coastal areas, then the erosion of the beaches and the loss of the findings is possible, but why look for things that do not exist??? In Europe they found skeletons 300,000 years ago and in the Far East they found much later Neanderthal skeletons like in China and other places. Regarding the ecological pressures that existed on the Neanderthals!!! 300,000 years ago there was an ice age that was the first of a sequence of 5 in cycles of tens of thousands of years, and the pressure of the freezing cold, the ice that covered every corner and of course the scarce food reserves did not hit anywhere as it hit the northern part of the earth which means the equator to the north (Northern Europe, Eastern, Central) For example, in Israel it was indeed colder and drier than normal, but there was no ice and snow in every corner (it was quite similar to now, although much more severe ones appeared) so the conditions during the existence of the Neanderthals 30,000-300,000 years ago were very difficult and very volatile and ranged from Severe ecological and climatic changes and pressures
To Mr. Sabdarmish,
They appear in T because they are written, in English for example, with T, and not with TH, as in the case of Neanderthal
And DA, TV is with V 🙂
Despite the logic in my previous response, I will not argue with dating, and if the Neanderthal skeletons in Europe are the earliest as you claim, then they most likely began to develop there, in Europe.
I still have a small doubt that I would like to share with you.
Couldn't there also be the possibility that they were created elsewhere and arrived within 1000 years in Europe, developed there and left remains?
It bothers me a lot that there is almost no evolutionary pressure for change in an area as wide as Europe where food is found in abundance.
Darwin will already show us that evolutionary change in living things was created precisely on scattered and isolated islands where the creatures had to change in order to survive.
Let's assume then, and just for the purpose of the hypothesis, that the Neanderthals evolved from Homo erectus in isolated areas such as the islands or peninsulas in Southeast Asia. That is, Homo erectus arrived on an island or a peninsula that broke off from the continent, there was pressure on them to change, and they became Neanderthals. At this point the sea level dropped, the islands were connected to the continent again and within a time of say 1000 years they reached a more fertile place in terms of food, the Middle East and Europe. There they also multiplied and left us skeletons that will be discovered later.
That is, I distinguish between two things:-
A. The place where evolutionary change occurred, islands or peninsulas that broke off from the continent or any other isolated place. This area leaves us no remains, because statistically the number of items there is small and also wet floods and tsunamis, wipe out any trace of any remains.
B. The place where the modified creature, in our case the Neanderthal, lived and reproduced and statistically could have left remains, usually fertile areas on the continent.
Conclusion, we must not look for the remains but also understand where the pressure for change was.
If you dismiss this hypothesis outright, I won't be angry.
Please respond gently.
Have a wonderful morning
Sabdarmish Yehuda
For Yehuda Sabdarmish, the species in question is proto-Neanderthals (most of the scientific articles I read wrote the word with T and not T, although there were also articles in T) and the classic Neanderthal that evolved from it was created=developed in Europe, it's not that the species existed in Africa and from there migrated to the rest of the world, Homo erectus is The first species that came out of Africa is the one that spread to the rest of the world as you suggested, but the specific Neanderthal species developed in Europe and started to move from there. Of course, I put this claim in a big question mark?? Because it is according to all the data and findings we have today, if one day a Neanderthal skeleton is found 300,000 years ago in Asia or Africa it will change a lot of things. But today the earliest skeletons with Neanderthal characteristics, which I will not begin to name, were found in Europe, and later skeletons were also found here in a number of caves and of course in the Schnidar Cave in Iraq and other places in the Far East
To Mr. Hebrew Tzacha,
Why can Turkish Crystal Typhoon Cape Town City Telephone and TV be in the letter T and Neanderthal not?
This is called checkmate or checkmate, that's the question
with a smile
Sabdarmish Yehuda
* Neanderthals
...This is the second article I've seen about them with the name misspelled
Shai
I find it hard to believe that a human species that developed in Europe moved to the Far East. Wasn't it easier to save a trip to Europe and move from Africa straight to anywhere?
Note that even in the modern period of the last two thousand years, the migration of peoples took place in precisely the opposite direction, to the east. Evidence of this is the European language that originates from the languages of the East.
Sabdarmish Yehuda
It makes sense that a species that developed in Europe and then migrated to Asia would have prominent European components such as blue eyes and blond and ginger hair color, as mentioned it is known to everyone that the AMH (modern man) and the Neanderthal man evolved from Homo erectus which originated in Africa but the Neanderthals and the proto-Neanderthalm that appeared about 300,000 years in Europe it makes sense that northern European elements would develop similar to modern man living there today (Scandinavians etc.)
to serve
I understand from your response that you are probably not blonde, and also probably not a follower of Darwin.
I also understand that I will not be able to receive budgets from you.
So I won't be smart, and I'll go to sleep.
Good night
Sabdarmish Yehuda
post Scriptum. A chimpanzee is not gay because I'm sure there were gay Neanderthals too.
Willing to accept budgets for this as well.
Ah... Judah
Don't be clever here!!
You understand ?!
Correct me
Gingim = blonds (they used to be a pure source)
Ballonids = chimpanzees (which is the origin of man according to the author)
Chimpanzee=Homo (Speians) to which it evolved later in the life of evolution
I'm willing to bet that in addition, there were albino Neanderthals, dark-skinned and light-skinned, with/without moles and more.
I am ready to receive budgets from all the aforementioned respectable scientific institutes for the purpose of the research.
Sabdarmish Yehuda