A summary of studies on the subject, in preparation for the author's lecture at the observatory in Givatayim, this coming Thursday
Note - some of the author's conclusions are in the realm of hypothesis, and this should not be considered a scientific opinion in general or the site's opinion in particular. The dark mass takes its place in all scientific cosmological articles as if it were an existing fact without any shadow of a doubt. The primary, and seemingly certain, source of proof for the existence of the dark mass, is the behavior of spiral galaxies. Shouldn't this proven certainty be questioned?
The spiral galaxies are those cosmological bodies, many of which have a diameter of about 100,000 light years and are shaped like an enormous Saturn. They rotate around their axis for billions of years in a more or less constant pattern.
This movement is explained with the help of two forces that act on the movement of the spiral galaxy and they are: - the force of gravity and the centrifugal force. Assuming that the force of gravity is what drives the spiral galaxy, the force of gravity and the centrifugal force acting on each and every star in the galaxy, must be equal, otherwise the galaxy would have converged towards its center or dispersed throughout the universe.
Despite the distance of these celestial bodies we are able to calculate all the data related to their movement in an amazingly accurate way.
Below are the data in question and the principles according to which these data are measured:-
A. We are able to measure the mass of the spiral galaxy by the amount of light coming from it.
B. We are able to measure the size of the galaxy using geometric methods according to the viewing angle and the distance of the galaxy from us.
third. We are able to measure its rotation speed according to the Doppler effect
d. We will measure gravity according to Newton's universal law of gravitation. F=M1*M2*G/R^2,
God. The acceleration will be measured according to Newton's second law F=M*A which in rotational motion is expressed as a centrifugal force, that is: F=M*V^2/R
Now, all that remains to be done is to take and place in this equation the measured data from the spiral galaxy and see if the equality holds.
That is:- F= M1*M2*G/R^2= M2*V^2/R
Centrifugal force - gravitational force
F = the force
R= distance of the star from the center of the galaxy.
1M = the mass of the galaxy between the center of the galaxy and the distance R
2M = the mass of the star in the galaxy.
V = the peripheral rotation speed of the measured star around the galaxy.
G = Newton's global gravitational constant.
The comparison operation was carried out, and the surprise was great when, despite repeated measurements that were made, a large inequality was obtained from any possible measurement error. That is:-
The right wing in the equation, the centrifugal wing, was always accepted in the calculations to be approximately ten times larger than the left-gravitational wing.
In addition, the rotation speed of the stars of the spiral galaxy, which was supposed to increase and decrease as a function of their distance from the center of the galaxy, actually remains constant up to the edge of the galaxy and even beyond them in the region of the gas clouds of the galaxy far from its center.
This failure led the researchers to come to the conclusion about the reality of mass, invisible, that all it contributes to the galaxy is gravity. This "darkening" mass is supposed to balance both sides of the equation, that is, to "artificially" increase M1 on the left side of the equation tenfold.
But is this the only option to balance the existing inequality in the equation??
Here I must make an important note:- In the rest of the article we will examine different approaches to solving the problem, in part, they will give solutions that may change the approach accepted today in physics and its laws and describe to us a universe that is somewhat different from the universe we are familiar with. Applying the physical logic known to us, while checking the other possibilities for this inequality, may cause us to rashly dismiss a possible solution to the problem. We must take the approach that we are dealing here first with a mathematical inequality, as if we were dealing with a system of laws and data that is in another universe, otherwise we might reject possible solutions outright.
The physical logic should be activated only after all the possibilities are laid out before us. Only then will we be able to see which of all the mathematically possible things may be a solution in our universe as well and what changes we must make in our universe and its laws. This is a very important approach to the solution, one must refrain:-,
Do not dismiss outright any possible mathematical solution!
Well, we will see three approaches to the possible reasons for the inequality:
First approach:- one or more of the elements appearing in the formulas may be different.
Second approach:- The formulas themselves may be different.
Third approach:- The essence of the assumption that there should be equality, may be mistaken.
We will explain it in detail.
First approach:- Each of the members appearing in the formulas may have a measurement error that caused the inequality. We started with the accepted solution of increasing the mass of the galaxy M1 tenfold, and indeed, increasing it tenfold, will increase the left side of the equation tenfold, and thus equality will be created between the two sides of the equation.
But we can achieve equality not only with the mass of the galaxy!
Reducing R - the distance of the star from the center of the galaxy by ten times, will also do the job. It will increase the left wing a hundred times and the right wing, which is already ten times larger, will increase again ten times, and once again equality will be maintained! Such an error in measurement is possible, for example, because of the special geometry of the space.
Another option is to increase it to large distances of the gravitational constant G by ten times, it will also increase the left side of the equation ten times, and give the necessary increase for equality.
Another option - M2. Apparently, the figure of M2 - the mass of the star, is in the counter on both sides of the equation, and a change in its size should not affect the equation, but a thorough examination will reveal that on the left side it is a gravitational mass, while on the right side it is an acceleration mass, and that's right, I know what Einstein said about the equation Among them, but again, we promised ourselves to look at things mathematically or as if they were in another universe where they might be different. Only then will we check if it can be suitable for the physical reality in our universe. This is the only way we can be sure that we check all the possibilities!
We are left with the last option, the option of reducing the speed V by a factor of three. That is, if we have a failure in measuring the speed and its size is actually three times smaller or a little more. This will reduce the right side of the equation, where the speed appears in the second power, ten times and again both sides of the equation will be equal!
Second approach:- The formulas themselves may be different. That is, the formulas we use in the equation, which are Newton's gravitation formula and Newton's second law, may be "slightly" different.
In a previous article I wrote, "A proposal for an alternative gravitation formula - a thought exercise", published on the "Hidan" website and in the "Astronomy" booklet of the Israeli Astronomical Society, I showed that if we take a slightly different gravitation formula, which adds to gravitation at large distances, then, we can increase the left wing tenfold And the equality will exist.
A second way is the way that Professor Milgrom and Professor Jacob Beckstein took and it is the modification of Newton's second law regarding tiny accelerations, such as the centrifugal acceleration that exists in spiral galaxies. This approach is consolidated in their MOND theory.
Their formula, which is not the place to expand on it here, reduces the right wing of the equation by approximately ten times, and maintains the equality.
Third approach:- The essence of the assumption that there should be equality, is wrong. What is meant? Well, it is possible that the claim that gravitation is the force that rotates the spiral galaxy is wrong, so there should be no comparison between them!
And again, caution, not to dismiss things outright, and things must be looked at mathematically, as if they were in another universe, where this assumption was legitimate for the purpose of testing it, like any other assumption.
***
So far, in fact, all the ideas that have the potential to explain the inequality in the movement of spiral galaxies. It is clear to us that most of the above ideas are wrong. Although they are correct, mathematically, but not necessarily suitable for our universe. But, it is also clear to us that if we were not mistaken in our approaches, then, we took all the possibilities for a solution, and therefore:-
At least one of all the options listed here contains the solution!
Who is this possibility?, Is this the dark mass approach accepted by most scientists today?,
Or maybe the MOND theory that is gaining more and more fans among scientists? And maybe...?
To conclude the article, two questions remain open for the next chapter:
First question:- How did the author of the article eliminate gravitation, and not propose another force that would rotate the spiral galaxies?
Another question that is natural for you to ask:- of all the options expressed in the article, which one does the author of the article choose?
About these two questions, and about the continuation of the article, in the next chapter that will appear after a lecture given by the author of the article on the same topic on Thursday, May 10.5.2007, 2130 at XNUMX at the Observatory in Givatayim.
Comments are welcome. Please respond gently!
24 תגובות
Yehuda Shalom
I am supposed to fly on 15/10/2008 to Austria.
It is possible that in this root journey I discovered the essence of the dark matter required to enable the uploading of your article
Site.
I argued that there is nothing in the universe that you will raise that does not have an answer and a root in this planet. In fact, the whole essence of things is in this world according to all the historical scenarios that happened-collapsed-and grew.
Hitler came out of Austria, Freud came out of Austria, and of course also good things..precious light..unknown.
Avi Bilozovsky may or may not see the context.
It is possible, and you are also afraid to see in the dark.
It is possible that Michael understands very well the essence of the darkness in the sky.
It's possible, and I'm Hugin - I refuse to let you sink into the dormant shadows.
I don't know how opal is made: therefore I must fly in the footsteps of the quarry reactor of all my creator ancestors.
So wish me luck in the terrifying meeting with Lord Odin. For I have to face him - alone!!!
And Yehuda?? How many kilograms of dark mass does Avi Bilozovki need to upload the article???
I will bring you as many as you ask.
Maybe it will increase the ratings... and maybe?? How many zlotys?? Whatever you want... let it be.
And Michael: My wild imagination means that I carry all the necessary darkness of the universe, in memory - so lick your fingers...and fantasize...a pleasant...and fruitful pintuse.
Munin of Hugin.
You represent the "edge of everything" - the tip of the iceberg of the currents of the history spirits (of the pyramid of time) - the personal and collective living.
Bearers of dynastic genetic responsibility at your own risk.
Since not all of you know. It is my duty to know you so that you don't "whine" and blame-categorize and all and all without understanding the results of your words/thoughts and everything that happened and is happening - personally
especially in the family way and in the national and global way... don't cry, you have no one to blame. I gave
You have keys (in essence) - tools to really understand!! and see the results of anything
The being that works within you. From DNA to today - and this very hour.
I am not "calling" - this is me for the personality-girl-virgin-mother-and-creator for all the screenings you receive
In indirect ways/mincers/destiny twists and turns.
A person cannot escape from a huge destiny. This is a family cycle that requires a huge boomerang. I am not religious in the sense
The self-righteous - I was born for this - just as you are born for what you are. This is a binding decree of fate - although there are tools
Many complex and weighted secondary sponsorships for a huge and huge multi-dimensional justice. You need to learn!!
And destiny is educated!! Those who continue to understand can help and be a full partner - with a seeing consciousness - and not a zombie of themselves without clear knowledge.
I gave you a golden opportunity. I respected you.
The top-weighted local to round people in the plural-also creates laws when they offend.
I don't want you to get hurt. And don't get hurt> The boomerang is extremely difficult. Although personally I can be
The good and noble person.
I will never, never, never be a victim!! I have truly sworn!! In the name of everyone!!!! My people-Israel-world.
Hugin: Personal-human-multi-personal-your fateful future is sizzling.
Be good. Is it possible? Goodness is power!!!
to hug
what is it about?
If someone hurt you, they certainly didn't do it maliciously or on purpose.
Maybe me?, in one of my comments?, Africa?, Haredim?
Maybe Michael? He's actually been behaving very nicely lately.
After all, we all have fun and laugh
Explain your words
Sad
Sabdarmish Yehuda
Hugin,
I wish you complete pleasure and perfection in whatever you come.
Roy.
my father
It is clear to you that it is!
What? Hugin is leaving us, so suddenly, without any explanations?
sad
Sabdarmish Yehuda
I hope you're not leaving because someone hurt you?
Peace to my father
I wish you all the best, take care of yourselves. Maybe one day I will come back.
Hello to Eli
My third approach in trying to solve the mystery of the inequality is looking for another force for the rotation of the galaxies, and I will show this in a follow-up article that I sent to my father and may already be published today. I would love to see your response there.
I must point out that unfortunately my knowledge of mathematics makes it difficult for me to understand the second half of your comment. My academic knowledge is in industrial management and even though I graduated with honors, I had no need for Hamiltonian and curvature of space.
I hope that I will understand your following responses and I would be happy if you would facilitate your mathematical response. All the best and see you in the follow-up article that will be published
Sabdarmish Yehuda
To Sabdarmish Yehuda peace be upon him:
The Crossley model was presented as an introduction (as part of the hypotheses), in light of the problematic created by the inequality of the algebraic equation, which explains to us that something is not true; Or in the basic thinking, or in missing data/s. And also with the aim of checking whether it is possible that in the cosmic nature, a situation can arise that does not have to, that there will be an equality between the centrifugal force and the gravitational force.
In light of the above, we will examine another model such as: due to the property of masses to curve space, this means that the movement of galaxy clusters is characterized by a wavelike movement (here we expand the test of Einstein's claim; and the expansion of galaxies which is probably not linear, so their acceleration speed may not constant); then: due to the existing difference between the sizes (the Hamiltonian for that matter) of the galaxy clusters; the large clusters create large sediments during their movement, which creates impedances for the small clusters, then with a little more confidence one can claim that the movement of the small clusters is definitely non-linear, and probably also of the great ones.
In an interim summary: I wish you success for your follow-up article, and if it is possible for me, I will continue to follow and try as much as I can to integrate into the discussion of the issue(s).
Lali Baruch Peace be upon you
If I understood the examples you gave correctly, the intention is that there is great uncertainty in the results that are supposed to be obtained. It should still be mentioned that we have results that are about 1000 percent greater than what should have been obtained, which is beyond any reasonable uncertainty. This is not about an error of one percent or two or even a few dozen. And if we take the example of the carousel you brought, the fact that many parts are not visible does not mean that the problem must be only in the parts of the carousel because the error can manifest itself quickly or in other things.
In a follow-up article that I am going to publish in the coming days, all the possibilities for the inaccuracy will be revealed
The readers of the article will be able to choose from the multitude of solutions what they like
Sabdarmish Yehuda
As for speculations:
The attempt to understand power systems is complex due to the great difference that exists in them, as well as due to the complexity of the mutual effects between them. If, as an example, one tries to understand electrical power systems (for those who have studied the subject), in the theory of electricity, alternating current, in a simple circuit that contains a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor; We will never get equality of the power input (volt ampere), to the output (watts), even in resonant circuits; The mathematical calculations (complex numbers) will explain the values of the vectors to us, with the aim of improving the circuit by correcting it (cosine of the angles), but as mentioned we will never accept that all the work invested in the input will be done on the values of the actual resistance - R; And referring to the actual resistance - R, as an analogy to Newton's third law: (When body A exerts a force on body B, then body B exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to body A.); The resistance to R is reflected in the voltage drop caused by the work done.
The vectors caused by the capacitor and the inductor are imaginary forces, which do not obey the aforementioned Newton's law; The centrifugal force is also an imaginary force; An example of a simple simulated centrifugal force, felt while driving a car, when the car turns sharply in some direction, we will feel a pull in the opposite direction relative to the car; Even masses placed in a centrifugal force system that operates in the reference system (the center of the galaxy) have no reaction, except for gravitational/repulsive forces that act between them.
And as an analogy within the framework of the hypotheses, in order to try to understand something of the issue: if we look from a long distance at a carousel, which is located in a dark area, when the cells that contain the users of it are illuminated, and what is not illuminated and cannot be seen due to the darkness and the great distance: the ground and the metal parts of the structure that make it up. The effect of the mass content (the amount of people in the cells) will not disrupt its operation, what will characterize it in the set of relative forces centrifugation / gravity is: the maximum amount of users (the mass) in it.
And when it comes to a system of almost infinite dimensions, such as a spiral galaxy/carousel, one can speculate how far we are in terms of the accuracy of measurements, and the concepts in our world.
I offer my revolutionary theory,
which does not require the "dark mass".
It is simple, elegant, and explains everything...
You can read on the website
http://www.kaspit.com/assil2
The space is constantly increasing so that the light particle takes longer to pass through it than the previous particle.
So the image obtained from the universe is a slow motion image
So as we go deeper and deeper into the universe the picture we get will be slower and slower.
Regarding the third response
The expansion of the universe causes additional space and acts on each and every point in the universe.
So the light particles get diluted in the new space.
Because they did not cross the road in the new space at the speed of light
These are in a state of jumping and thinning the particles in the new space.
Leshi good evening
Your attitude that time in galaxies is different is unacceptable to me and I don't understand what it has to do with M1
As for black holes, I don't know how influential they are, but it seems to me that the mass is usually no more than a few million suns, such as the one found (perhaps) in the center of our galaxy. On the other hand, the mass of the galaxy is on the order of one hundred billion solar masses, so the black holes most likely do not affect the size of the galaxy by more than two percent.
In your last comment you wrote about a distortion in time created by the expansion of the universe and affecting the light. I am not aware of this.
Sabdarmish Yehuda
It is also possible that the expansion of the universe has caused a time warp that affects the amount of light visible from distant galaxies.
It is a fatal mistake to know the mass of the spiral galaxy by the amount of light coming from it.
Because black holes with enormous masses cannot be measured by the amount of light emitted.
And that the relative time on the distant galaxy is different and affects the amount of light visible from our galaxy.
The equation does not take into account the relative time difference
The time on the distant galaxy must be different from our relative time
Therefore the light coming from the galaxy is weaker but it can never be higher.
Therefore M1 is wrong and should be doubled by the relative time.
Hello to Noam Levy
In fact, there are scientists who claim that if you are not aware of something then it does not exist. So if I don't know about the black hole at the center of the earth then it doesn't exist for me.
What is important is that I am not discussing the earth here but the inequality in the equation and trying to think about the possibilities for this. The mathematical approach, one is its desire, not to dismiss any idea outright. When everyone is laid out in front of us, we can decide what to do, who to throw away and who to "congratulate" for success further down the road.
Sabdarmish Yehuda
Yehuda Hello!
Forgive me for the perhaps too mathematical approach:
you say:
"First approach: - Each of the members appearing in the formulas may have a measurement error that caused the inequality"
You assume that we are able to measure the mass of a galaxy and even the mass of the solar system or the earth!
And as you know, these "measurements" rely on the fact that the laws of attraction are like Newton's laws (in addition to many other assumptions).
If we allow ourselves to "run wild" and limit ourselves only to the limitations of mathematics - we are not even able to calculate the mass of the Earth!!
By "run riot" I mean, for example, the decision that the number 2 appearing in the power of the denominator of Newton's law of attraction can change depending on the strength of the field... (and then you get a very complicated differential equation in every movement calculation).
I heard that there is a non-standard model that assumes that there is a black hole in the center of the sun and the collapse of matter into it is what explains the solar radiation.
I would be happy to receive your references on this topic.
As we know, the Earth's internal heat is constantly being dispersed into space and the hypothesis is that due to nuclear fissions it has not cooled down for a long time.
You may be surprised by Prof.'s answer. Beckenstein to the question:
"How do you know that there is no small black hole in the center of the Earth (that collapsing into it would explain the internal heat of the Earth and perhaps other phenomena)?"
he answerd:
"I don't know enough about the structure of the earth to answer the question"!!!
You asked to be gentle, and yet I will end with a bit of bitterness of mathematicians:
We may never know that there is a black hole at the center of the Earth because the education of geologists does not include differential geometry...
Best regards
pleasantness
Dark mass is a complicated scientific problem, it is impossible to prove its existence today and certainly not to speculate on its capabilities, therefore the solution is intended for a much more advanced society than ours. Many scientists claim that there is "dark matter" which actually has physical principles that are not yet known to us.
Good morning to Kalman!
Newton's formula is a very good approximation to the theory of relativity for slow bodies such as those expressed in galaxies - a few hundreds of kilometers per second. Therefore, due to simplicity, they are used in the aforementioned analyzes and not in the theory of relativity. In addition, as you can see, the deviation is hundreds of percent between the two parts of the equation, so a difference in the calculations of two parts of a percent between Newton and the theory of relativity would not have influenced the conclusions.
Have a good day!
Sabdarmish Yehuda
Excellent, you explain wonderfully, everywhere I encountered the dark matter, it was talked about as a fait accompli, it's nice to hear that there are also doubts, and in general, I didn't know that Newton's equations were used for such distances.