Following the new Marvel movie "Doctor Strange in the Dimensions of Madness" which takes place in the Multiverse, I decided to break down in a short article the meaning of parallel universes and the reasons to believe in their existence. In my opinion, science surpasses any imagination, including Marvel's imagination.
In the film trilogy of the Marvel comic company, the superheroes are able to move in the space of the universes, or as they call it "the multiverse". The laws of nature in the Marvel universe may be fictional but relatively close to the scientific ideas that probably provided the inspiration. Following the new movie "Doctor Strange in the Dimensions of Madness" I decided to break down in a short article the meaning of parallel universes and the reasons to believe in their existence. In my opinion, science surpasses any imagination, including Marvel's imagination.
The universe beyond our sphere of influence
We do not know if the universe is infinite or if it is limited in size. At the same time, physicists tend to believe that the universe did not cease to exist at the farthest point we can see. In the radius smaller than our field of vision, around 15 billion light years, there is an intangible boundary delimiting the area where the light created now will take a finite time to reach us. Physicists call this area the range of causality (causality), that is, the spatial section where all the bodies that can affect the earth are located. Beyond this area, the expansion of the universe is faster than the speed of light and the light rays created today will never reach the earth. We do not believe that this is the end of the universe, first of all because our field of view is wider than the field of causality (the field of causality is smaller than our field of view thanks to the expansion of the universe, we will not discuss that here but note the difference between light created now and light created at the beginning of the universe). Furthermore, the causality field shrinks with time because the acceleration of the universe increases, but it is clear that objects do not cease to exist when they leave this field. The area outside the scope of causality is called a "parallel universe" because it is a field that has come out of our sphere of influence and is developing at the same time independently of us.
Universes formed from black holes
In the sixties physicists described the effect of the gravitational field on particles with spin. The new combination gave rise to interesting phenomena resulting from a twisting effort on the space of time. It is difficult to imagine how the three-dimensional universe twists, but mathematically twisting can be generalized in every dimension and given a spatial interpretation. It turns out that spatial warping can only occur under extreme conditions reminiscent of the first moments after the formation of the universe or black holes. Gravity researchers have shown that torsion serves as a source that creates gravitational repulsion and therefore it may affect many processes in the universe. The torsion was first tested in black holes that swallowed particles of matter (with spin different from zero) and the conclusions were surprising. In the process of black hole formation, there is a critical point where the torsion overcomes the attraction, generating in one fell swoop a "sack" of universe that inflates in the black hole. This discovery led to the hypothesis that inside every black hole there is another universe. Sometimes the spatial connection between the black hole and the new universe breaks and as a result a completely separated universe is created. Further research has shown that torsion can explain the asymmetry between matter and antimatter, and shed light on other mysterious processes in cosmology such as dark energy and dark matter (why do you ask? Maybe in the future I will write an extended article to do favor to this fascinating topic).
Universes formed when the wave function collapses
Quantum mechanics completely changed our perception of reality and added a probabilistic layer to the universe. According to the accepted interpretation, the particles in nature are in a state called superposition as long as they are not "measured" (a process that is not completely defined but intuitively clear). In other words, any process in probabilistic nature is possible up to the moment of measurement. Physicists quantify the total probabilities in an expression known as the wave function, which in some cases can be calculated. In a process that is not yet known how it occurs, the wave function "collapses" and one option is selected from the total available options. The collapse of the wave function has occupied many researchers around the world over the years (especially when quantum mechanics was first formulated) and to solve the selection process, physicists proposed that all possibilities exist simultaneously and that our reality is only one branch of the total number of versions. It is a radical thought that raises more questions than answers, but those who believe in this "solution" describe the timeline more like a tree. The universe started out on a uniform axis and every time the wave function collapses the universe splits. It is an infinite two-way bifurcation because at any given moment many collapses are taking place and in each such collapse there are (potentially) an infinite number of possibilities that could exist, even if slightly different. In recent years this approach has gained popularity among those who deal with going back in time because it solves several paradoxes. Instead of assuming that one timeline exists, the Time Tree allows for a return to another timeline. So if you went back to kill your father, you effectively killed one version of him, which is not from your timeline.
Folded spaces
String theory is a theory that tries to unify quantum mechanics and gravity theory under a single formalism. This theory has many successes, it is attractive in its beauty, but it forces us to believe in a number of phenomena that were never predicted. One of them is that the universe consists of ten dimensions. We of course only see three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. where are the rest The solution that physicists have proposed is that the extra dimensions are so small and folded that we cannot discern them. We have not yet discovered additional dimensions and it is likely that if they are very small we will not observe them in the coming decades. Additional dimensions do not necessarily fit into the same category of parallel universes because they are not outside our universe, but I would not oppose the inclusion of additional dimensions that we cannot see, inside or outside our universe are seen as parallel universes.
Do you have a question or topic you would like me to write about? Contact me at noamphysics@gmail.com
More of the topic in Hayadan:
16 תגובות
In my eyes we are just characters in a computer game, knowing and doing only what we were programmed to do, the universe doesn't really exist until we look at it and when we look away it disappears to save energy.
Do not ignore:
1 "The expansion of the universe is faster than the speed of light".
2 "A twist is used as a source that creates gravitational repulsion".
3 "The additional dimensions are so small and folded that we cannot distinguish them."
These are claims that cannot be verified with the help of measurement and are therefore equivalent to fairy tales.
But "we won't discuss that here."
1 "The expansion of the universe is faster than the speed of light".
2 "A twist is used as a source that creates gravitational repulsion".
3 "The additional dimensions are so small and folded that we cannot distinguish them."
These are claims that cannot be verified with the help of measurement and are therefore equivalent to fairy tales.
But "we won't discuss that here."
1 "The expansion of the universe is faster than the speed of light".
2 "A twist is used as a source that creates gravitational repulsion".
3 "The additional dimensions are so small and folded that we cannot distinguish them."
These are claims that cannot be verified with the help of measurement and are therefore equivalent to fairy tales.
But "we won't discuss that here."
Amram Yona
I hate being loved, right?
"The paper (today the smartphone) absorbs everything"
You can write down and say whatever you want about parallel universes. Folded.. everything is beautiful. as a philosophy.
Or rather to say the mythologies of science.
Who can come and prove any of this. nobody.
But you are learned professors with doctorates and certificates and blah blah blah who can argue with you?
All in the name of science, and science is always right, isn't it?
So it's not science. It is religion and belief in cosmic science.
Since then, science is no longer just wisdom, it has already become "Torah". Torah in the Gentiles do not believe. Just bring evidence
Reality without simulations and CGI then we will talk.
Jeroboam III
That is not true at all. An electron is indeed "everywhere" until its existence is measured. The electron is not a particle whose position is unknown.
There are many experiments that show this. The best known experiment is the double slit experiment.
Irrational numbers are so called not because they do not make sense but because they cannot be represented as a division ratio between two whole numbers.
In English, ratio is a ratio.
Why is there between the two universes, if there is space, then it is the same universe, and if it is zero it is not possible, the universes must be connected to each other, the universes could not be separate as in the picture.
The author may be clear to those who understand and understand the field quickly. Others, in my opinion, will not be able to understand the issue of dimensions from this letter. Confusingly written.
Regarding probability: you need to understand! An electron, for the purpose of the example, moves within the orbital and there is a probability of finding it in one place or another. Looking will indeed disrupt the location but that doesn't mean it's really everywhere. He really is in a certain place, even if we don't know where and we haven't measured. He is a particle for everything. He is not a little here and a little there at the same time. Its properties are not different from an electron only because we did not measure. As soon as you measure there are ripple effects.
If someone publishes an article or a book about the universe and a black hole, then is it published?
Something stuck a plug (farted) and the plug spread in the empty space. This is how the universe was created. This theory is equal to any of the other theories. Who can prove otherwise? Hahaha
Very interesting article.
The matter of "dark matter and energy" has a simpler solution than all the complexity and theories in the mainstream today.
This theory is called WSM (wave structure of matter) and in my opinion it is much more logical, complete and simple than the other theories that exist today.
For those interested: it doesn't matter what light will be shed on dark matter and dark energy, one thing is clear: their names will remain as they are now, just as the Indians in America are still called that 500 years after Columbus' mistake was clarified, and that irrational numbers remain in their original name, given that It didn't work out for someone, and that imaginary numbers are no longer as imaginary as they first thought.
My theory is this:
Just as our universe was created as a result of a singularity event that became super inflation - the Big Bang... and it is composed of a large number of galaxies that will slowly disappear... so also in other areas of the outer cosmic empty space which is apparently infinite... large compensators and other universes similar to ours are also created. They were before and they will be after. This is probably a phenomenon that is constantly reading in the infinite empty space
When they succeed in "shedding light on other mysterious processes in cosmology such as dark energy and dark matter" will they cease to be dark, or will the success be that they illuminate these processes with a dark light so that they are doubly dark?