evolution

Two ancient human skulls. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The genetic secret revealed: Humans evolved from two separate ancient species

New research at the University of Cambridge reveals that the modern human genome was created as a result of a merger between two ancient populations, which separated about 1.5 million years ago and reunited about 300 years ago.
Image: Selenibacter rover cells (in green) under a microscope. Other colors represent different organisms in the salt. (Credit: Tomeu Viver)

The secret 'sex life' of bacteria: Study challenges old ideas about how species are formed

Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have found that bacteria not only create species, but also maintain them in a unique process reminiscent of sexual reproduction.
An artistic illustration of the brain's "speed limit" – we think, process, and decide at a slow rate of 10 bits per second. Credit: J. Zheng

The surprising limit to human thinking speed – only 10 bits per second

The paradox is that sensory input processing is done at a speed 100 million times faster than the speed of thought * Principal Investigator: "At any given moment, we extract only 10 bits out of a trillion that our senses perceive and use."
The discovery of the 555-million-year-old fossil *Uncus dzaugisi* in South Australia confirms their origins in the Precambrian period of the ecdysozoans, and bridges an important evolutionary gap. Photo courtesy of Harvard University

A 555-million-year-old fossil sheds light on one of the great mysteries of evolution

The discovery of the oldest fossil from the Ecdysozoa family (Uncus dzaugisi), a group of animals characterized by shedding their skin and including insects, crustaceans and nematodes, sheds light on the early evolution of animals

Ants vs. Humans: The Maze Challenge

Group decision making makes ants smarter. With humans, on the other hand, sometimes it is better to be alone
Evolution of man: display of skulls of our ancestors. Illustration: depositphotos.com

New research may explain why the human brain is so large and developed

A new study conducted at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem presents an innovative method for inferring DNA methylation patterns in tissues that did not come from ancient skeletons, and provides a deeper understanding of the evolutionary processes that shaped the human brain and its functions
The desert locust (Schistocerca Gregaria). Illustration: depositphotos.com

The 'good enough' principle in nature: how evolution saved resources in the digging paws of the female locust

The female locust can dig 4-3 holes to lay eggs and then her organs that are intended for this wear out
The Arizona mountain kingsnake, which is non-venomous but similar to a venomous coral snake, enjoys a survival advantage by deterring potential predators that avoid colorful coral-type snakes. Photo: University of Arizona

The Big Evolutionary Bang of Threat, Camouflage and Courtship Colors in Animals

Evolution, color signals, animals, courtship, warning, peacock, poisonous frogs, communication between animals, signals in plants, evolutionary biology
A female chimpanzee with her baby. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Sad chimpanzees give birth: childbirth is also a challenge for great apes

Researchers simulated childbirth in chimpanzees and humans and measured the distance between the bony birth canal and the fetal head. The study shows that narrow birth canals relative to the size of the baby's head are not unique to humans
A graphic illustration of the S2 meteorite impact and its immediate effects. Credit: Nadia Drabon

The asteroid the size of four Everests that changed the course of life on Earth

It turns out that these giant meteorites actually had a positive effect on life compared to the later extinction-causing meteorites
Colonies of ants began growing mushrooms when an asteroid hit Earth 66 million years ago. This damage caused mass extinction but also created ideal conditions for fungi to flourish. This is how an evolutionary partnership was created that became even closer 27 million years ago and continues to this day. Credit: Don Parsons

Ant farming began 66 million years ago following the asteroid that doomed the dinosaurs

Smithsonian Institution scientists compiled and analyzed an extensive genetic database, and found that some mushroom crops became completely dependent on ants 27 million years ago, a process created 65 million years ago by an event
The cover of the book - ants, neurons of consciousness.

Book: ants, neurons, consciousness

The book presents an interdisciplinary overview of the evolution of consciousness in man by Uzi Ben Zvi, Philosophy and Science series, Attic Books and Yediot Books
Photo 4: The life cycle of the blooming sea lily Edwardsiella carnea. a. Mature male and female polyps release gametes into the water column. b. Free-swimming planula formed after fertilization. c. The planula infects the comb host Mnemiopsis leidyi and develops into a worm-like parasitic stage. d. Planula after the parasite stage exits the comb host to the water column (e), where it can either settle on the sea floor (f) and develop into a polyp (a) or infect another comb host or a scyphozoan host such as Rhopilema nomadica or Rhizostoma pulmo (hypothetical parasite spillover) (gh) . A planula after the parasite stage may leave the scyphozoic host and move through the water column (i), where it may settle on the sea floor (f) and develop into a polyp. The dashed line represents an alternative route.

Jellyfish under attack: Researchers have found parasitic sea lilies in jellyfish for the first time

Researchers have discovered for the first time the existence of parasitic planoles (sort of larvae) of the sea lily that grows in jellyfish in the Mediterranean Sea that allow the sea lily to spread beyond the immediate environment, a finding that may affect ecosystems
In the photo, from right to left: Dr. Tanya Dubovic, Prof. Shai Shen-Or, Dr. Alina Strusvetsky and Dr. Martin Lukachishin

Research sheds light on the constant evolution of the immune system

The researchers of the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine at the Technion show in their article in Nature how the immune system has developed a "developmental space" that allows it to quickly adapt to changes in the environment
A green city, for mental health. Credit: The Science website. The image was produced using DALEE for illustrative purposes and is not a scientific image

Human culture is changing at a rate too high for evolution to catch up - so it could affect each of us

Some problematic trends can be understood from a mismatched evolutionary fit. For example, competition and anxiety about social status have been linked to obsessions with studies, competing for prestigious positions and materialism. There is a growing trend of "being poor longer".
Red worms dig in the compost. Even the worms that exist today mix substances. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Worms - uncredited heroes of evolution

The researchers examined the relationship between sediment mixing caused, in part, by burrowing worms with a mineral called pyrite, which plays a key role in oxygen accumulation. As more pyrite is formed and buried under the mud, sand or
Artist's rendering of a group of G. blacki within a forest in southern China. Credit: Garcia/Juan-Boyo (Southern Cross University)

3 meter tall apes in East Asia became extinct because they were overspecialized

In the spectacular karst landscapes of southern China, giant apes, known as Gigantopithecus blacki, once roamed. They were three meters tall and weighed about 250 kilograms. They became extinct about 300 thousand years ago. The reasons for the extinction of
Mouse, rabbit and human embryos (right to left) in the same developmental stage - gastrulation (days 8-7.5 of pregnancy in rabbits and mice and around day 18 of development in humans). At this stage the human, rabbit and other vertebrate embryos are almost flat disc-shaped, while the mouse embryo is elongated cylinder-shaped. The images of the mouse and rabbit embryos were created as part of the current study, the image of the human embryo is taken from a study published in 2021 (Richard CV Tyser et al. Single-cell transcriptomic characterization of a gastrulating human embryo. Nature 600: 285-289)

In the rabbit hole

The institute's scientists developed a method that allows real-time monitoring of the development of embryos at the beginning of their journey and applied it for the first time to rabbits. The comparison they made between embryonic development in rabbits and mice gave rise to answers to fascinating questions about
The evolution of horses. Image: Mcy jerry w CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=98977446

A new evolutionary theory explains why animals shrink over time

Research: A New Understanding of Animal Size Changes Over Time: Competition, Ecological Pressures, and Cope's Law
The pituitary gland of the zebrafish. The variety of cell types are marked in different colors: in purple - phytocytes, in red and green - two types of hormone-producing cells

Where does the fish secrete from: back to the origins of the pituitary gland

Weizmann Institute scientists are challenging a 200-year-old doctrine about the formation of the gland from the secretion of hormones. Their findings may lead to new approaches in the treatment of various medical problems
Oats and grains of wheat. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Local heroes

The growth of wheat has become an Israeli symbol of hope and renewal after a disaster. So are Prof. Avraham Levy's field experiments in the Gaza Envelope, which continue a glorious Israeli legacy of studying the evolution and genetics of the grain
The Homo erectus tribe participates in the hunt. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Continuing the Tracing of Human Descent: The Impact of Climate on Out-of-Africa Migration

Sediment studies in the Mediterranean reveal the existence of a green corridor in the Sahara desert that emerged at the exact time when our ancestors migrated from Africa about 2.1 million years ago
Horror Movie. Illustration: depositphotos.com

How morbid curiosity can lead people to conspiracy theories

Morbid hypocrisy is not inherently bad, but an increased interest in learning about the dangers presented in conspiracy theories can reinforce beliefs that the world is a much more dangerous place than it actually is.
The gorilla Leah. Photo: Tivor Yeager, courtesy of the Safari

The evolution of facial expressions

The primitive facial architecture of the gorilla as a key to understanding human facial expressions
Sniper fish. Photo: Dr. Orit Nafha, University of Haifa

Prosocial behavior in fish

A new study conducted at the University of Haifa found that even the sniper fish, which lack the "higher" areas of the cerebral cortex, which are seen as being responsible for social behavior, act in a pro-social way towards their friends, until they feel "cheated"
Bacterial cells before phage infection (left) and after (right). The virus replicates itself inside them and leads to the explosion of the cells and the spilling of their contents (in red - the bacterial DNA spilled from the cell)

Survive with 0% battery: an immune system that drains the cell of energy has been discovered

The new system was discovered in bacteria - but is also used in corals, bees and others

חולטה-השולל בהישולל בהישורים, the true reason for ליירירי הדיור ושיטה הגאוניט ההופקת את מעציעה השולל לעבדים מודריםים

Chapter nine from the book: "The Free Man - Evolutionary Psychology, Brain Research and Understanding the Mind"
Using meticulous and detailed collection methods, a research team led by the University of Minnesota in the Twin Cities was able to place the remains of fossilized apes, such as Morotopithecus, within detailed reconstructions of habitats. Credit: Corbin Rainbolt

Rewriting human evolution: Great apes lived in open habitats 10 million years earlier than expected

Using rigorous and detailed collection methods, the researchers were able to place the remains of fossilized apes, such as Morotopithecus, in detailed reconstructions of habitats. Credit: Corbin Rainbolt
Although the attacking ants far outnumber the attackers, they are not able to defend themselves against them - nor do they try. A polyergus ant surrounded by enslaved formica anthills, photo: Adrian A. Smith, CC BY 2.5

We were slaves to the ant and the butterfly

Special for Passover: It turns out that slavery is not limited to humans, and various insects survive and multiply in nature thanks to the "slavery" of other species. So what do an army of small ants and Sparta have in common? What were cow barbers?
A rock rabbit in the Ein Gedi reserve. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The social network of the rock bunnies

Tracking social mammals has allowed scientists to understand how they choose a way of behavior that promotes their ability to reproduce
Solutions have been found in nature to prevent "consanguineous marriages". Illustration: depositphotos.com

Things that Yoram knows" Do only humans avoid incest?

Korbus asks: In human culture there is a taboo on sexual relations between family members, but not in animals. For example, it is not uncommon for a cat to fertilize its biological mother. Is incest
Return to normal after the corona virus (has not yet fully occurred as of the day of writing the news) Photo: depositphotos.com

Back to normal?

Is the routine good for us or maybe we are better off without it? And could it be that a new one that we haven't met yet is about to devour all the cards?
Ants build a bridge by working together. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Is the Earth on its way to becoming an intelligent organism?

At the beginning of the year 2022, three astrobiologists ran a fascinating thought experiment: they claimed that the entire Earth was about to become an intelligent organism. The meaning, as you can understand, is not that there is a mind at the core of the planet that makes decisions for
chin. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Things Yorami know: What is the function of the chin?

David shares the question and the idea: Homo sapiens is the only species that has a chin and science has no explanation as to what the evolutionary advantage of such a "facility" is and how it works.
Prof. Oded Ravavi. Photo: Tel Aviv University spokesperson

Can high temperature accelerate the rate of evolution?

Researchers from Tel Aviv University demonstrated with the help of worms that epigenetic inheritance of sexual attraction can influence the process of evolution
tickling. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Things that people know: why is tickling funny and why can't a person tickle himself?

Dana asks: Why does tickling make us laugh and why can't we tickle ourselves? Evolution gives an answer to this question as well
Epetz: A benign growth on an oak tree branch. Source: Franco Folini, Wikimedia

Things that growers know: why plants don't get cancer

Prof. Yoel Rak. Courtesy of the Israeli National Academy of Sciences

"The diversity of human races also stems from aesthetic preferences"

Says Prof. Yoel Rak, a member of the Academy of Sciences and one of the lecturers at the online conference "Origin of Homo Sapiens" which will be held on Darwin Day - 11/2 at Zoom. According to him, there are infinite races without a clear border
Thanks to the parasite project, it will be possible to reach a situation where half of the world's parasites will be known already in the next decade. water teddy bear Photo: pixabay

The Big Book of Parasites

In an article recently published in the scientific journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, scientists working in the field call for the establishment of an "international parasite project", which will include a concerted effort to discover, sample, document and research the world's parasites.
The evolution within the evolution. Illustration: Maya Shleifer

The evolution within the evolution

survival of the fittest. Illustration: shutterstock

What does "survival of the fittest" mean? in the corona epidemic

Vitruvian man: the proportions of the human body according to Leonardo da Vinci. The length of the hand is two thirds of the length of the leg.

Things that Yoram knows: why are the legs long?

Young chimpanzee, photographer: Pierre-Fidenci, Wikimedia

Things donors know: how evolution can create emotions