History of the people of Israel

A bronze statue of the god Apollo holding a type of harp. Photographed at the Museum of Monuments in Paris. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael Sher 37: Final Chapter – Influence of Foreign Customs on Music in Antiquity and the Approach of the Sages

From the dancer from Caesarea, who designed the performances in the Roman theater during the time of the Amora Rabbi Abbahu, to other figures from different periods who played Gentile music. The artistic performances of Jews reflect the complex combination of culture
Illustration of the rock-hewn rooms discovered in the City of David. Illustration: Shalom Kevlar, City of David

New research suggests: A special building in Jerusalem was used for worship when the Temple stood, during the First Temple period

In the unique structure, which was uncovered by the Israel Antiquities Authority on the eastern slope of the City of David, in the Jerusalem Walls National Park, eight rooms carved into the rock were discovered, including an altar, a tombstone, a winepress, and a winepress for wine production.
The daughters of Shiloh are generative in the vineyards. The illustration was prepared using DALEE and is not a scientific image

Ancient Jews Music 36: The generators who are repressed due to male control

During the period of the Mishna and the Talmud, that is, the second-fourth/fifth centuries AD, women's dances disappeared at social events. It is possible that the leaders of the generation were behind the absence of the female dance. That is, Sages
Coins of Alexander Yanai. Photo: Haifa University

A rare hoard including 160 coins of King Alexander the Great was discovered in the Jordan Valley

This cache is also one of the largest of its kind discovered in the Land of Israel. The discovery happened in the last few days during the Hanukkah holiday, which marks the Hasmonean rebellion in the Greeks
The ancient candle that was discovered in the excavations on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, and on it is decorated with a candlestick, a menorah and a candlestick. Photo: Emil Eljam, Antiquities Authority

A rare 1,700-year-old oil candle, with the symbols of the temple on it - a menorah, a torch and a candlestick, was revealed in Jerusalem

The researchers: "Just as today, many of us hold objects of Jewish significance, so did the owner of the candle, some two hundred years after the destruction of the temple"
Classical female dance in the ancient Greek style with women in colorful clothing. The image was prepared using DALEE and is not a scientific image

Ancient Jews Music 35: The Post-Biblical Period, Dance 2

Victory dances and worship in the post-biblical period - a look at cultural and religious phenomena in the historical landscape
Women dance a traditional dance during the Second Temple period. The image was prepared by DALEE and is for illustrative purposes only, and is not a scientific image

Am Yisrael song 34, the dance parade

Dancing in the Bible: an external expression of inner feelings and experiences, from manifestations of worship to victory in battle
Masada. Photo: Omer Zaevi, excavation expedition from Masada

Contrary to myth: the Roman siege of Masada did not last several years but only a few weeks

The researchers: "According to the common myth, the Romans harassed the rebels in Masada for three years. An innovative survey using advanced technologies revealed that the siege by the Roman army was a focused and relatively quick operation."
Dr. Elena Kogan-Zahavi from the Antiquities Authority, who uncovered one of the graves about 30 years ago, in the graves after their preservation

Spectacularly beautiful wall paintings from the Roman period that were discovered in Ashkelon are being revealed for the first time and will be accessible to the public

The paintings, which decorate ancient tombs of wealthy people, were discovered decades ago but few got to see them. Now, they are preserved by the conservation experts of the Antiquities Authority near the marina, funded by the municipality of Ashkelon.
The amphitheater in Caesarea. From Wikipedia

Distribution of prizes for second and third place in the Olympics - Herod's idea

Over the course of hundreds of years, a wreath of olive leaves was given only to the winners of the Olympic sports, who also received considerable funding from the cities that represented, until about a decade before the end of the first century BC King Herod held games
The High Priest, from the Second Temple period. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Ancient Jews Music 32: Above and beyond - the high priest was engaged in proofreading in the Temple

This chapter actually concludes most of the research, except for a chapter on dance that will follow. Several reasons combined to push this issue to the margins of the present study
Archaeologist Shahar Crispin holds the hoard of coins after finding it. Photo by Yuli Schwartz

In Lod, evidence of the last revolt of the Jews of the Land of Israel under the Roman rule, about 1650 years ago, was uncovered

In the excavation of the site, conducted by the Antiquities Authority with funding from the municipality of Lod, the remains of an ancient Jewish public building that was destroyed were discovered. A cache of 94 coins was hidden on the floor of the building, but no one returned to its collection until it was discovered now
2,000-year-old tefillin in the Antiquities Authority laboratories. Photo: Emil Eljam, Antiquities Authority

A new study states: 2,000 years ago, Tefillin were not dyed black

Researchers from Ariel University, the Antiquities Authority, the University of Exeter in England, and the Weizmann Institute conducted a series of scientific tests on ancient tefillin houses from the Judean Desert, and discovered that - contrary to the accepted law, according to which the houses must be painted
Actress Yael Sharoni in the role of a mourner in the series "The Jews are Coming". Screenshot

Ancient Jews Music 31: Mourning customs

The Mishna ruled that among the husband's duties to his wife was the concern for her burial, and "even a poor man in Israel, no less than two flute players (we used to be flute players) and a mourner (at least one)" (Mishna Ketubut 4:XNUMX)
Anti-Israel demonstration near the White House, November 4, 2023. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The report on the state of anti-Semitism in the world for 2023: "Fear for the future of Jewish life in the West"

The annual anti-Semitism report of Tel Aviv University was published in collaboration with the "Anti-Defamation League" ahead of Holocaust Day
Excavation site in the City of David showing signs of the earthquake that occurred in 750 BC (photo: Yohana Regev)

Carbon Jerusalem: extensive and accurate dating of the city during the Kingdom of Judah

Weizmann Institute of Science scientists overcame a cosmic phenomenon that makes it difficult for archaeologists around the world and presented for the first time an absolute dating of Jerusalem in the Iron Age
Pan flute player in the Hellenistic period. Credit: The Science website via DALEE. It should not be seen as a scientific picture

Ancient Jews Music 30: The wind instruments

Continuation of the review on the various musical instruments that were used in the temple at the end of the Second Temple, with Greek influence
Moses during the splitting of the Red Sea. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The tradition of the exodus from Egypt as the allochthonous (external) origin of the Israelites

Jewish and Israeli traditions and also among the priests and royal people in the Kingdom of Israel, there are differences between them as to the origin of the Israelites - Aram or maybe Egypt?
Egyptian scholars in the Ptolemaic period who wrote the story of the Exodus so that the Egyptians would come out good and the Jews bad. The image was produced using DALEE and should not be considered a scientific image

The place and time in which anti-Semitism was born and the connection to the Exodus * An interview with a researcher who published an article about it

Egyptian writers who lived in the third century BCE claimed that the Jews carried diseases and harmed Egypt and that in general they were the bad guys when they came to rewrite the story of the Exodus from Egypt, perhaps without meaning to, they created anti-Semitic arguments that would be based
A harp player from the time of the Bible. Credit: The Science website, via DALEE. The image is for illustration only and should not be considered a scientific image

Ancient Jews Music 29: harp and violin: the musical instruments and an examination of their development

In this chapter we will review the development of stringed instruments
Queen Esther at the city gate. Painting by Sandro Botticelli

Esther: the story of a queen

A study examines the attitude towards Queen Esther in art, religion, literature and plays in the 16th-15th century in Italy
A cave of concealment during the Bar Kochva rebellion that was discovered in Hukok near the Sea of ​​Galilee. Photo: Emil Eljam, Israel Antiquities Authority.

An impressive underground hiding system from the days of the Bar Kochba revolt has been uncovered near the Sea of ​​Galilee

A ring discovered in a cave in Khokuk that was used by Bar Kochba soldiers to hide from the Romans. Photo: Dafna Gazit, Israel Antiquities Authority
An orchestra from the Second Temple period. The image was prepared using the artificial intelligence software DALEE 2 and should not be considered a historical image.

Am Yisrael sings 28 - the musical instruments in their historical development

In this chapter, regarding its various sections, I would like to emphasize the following points: distinction between the musical instruments in the Bible and those of the period under discussion and the various consequences thereof; the extent of the influence of Greekness and Hellenism on musical instruments;
A proposal for the reconstruction of the Hekhara. Illustration_ Shalom Kevler, from the book _Ir al Tila_ in English - The City of David_ The Story of Ancient Jerusalem

The earliest roof tiles in Israel were uncovered in the City of David - and the one who brought them to Israel was Antiochus IV

Archaeological excavations by the Antiquities Authority and Tel Aviv University in the City of David in the National Park around the walls of Jerusalem have discovered the earliest ceramic roof tiles in the Land of Israel * To date very little evidence has been discovered
Wooden figures depicting a klezmer band in Krakow, Poland. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Ancient Jewish music 26: Discoveries of Jewish secular music

In the Jewish music after the Holocaust, signs of Greek-Hellenistic and Roman influence were embedded, and from it various aspects emerge as a result of the involvement of sages
The Mount Miron celebrations in 1890.

Between the biblical consciousness and the Mishna consciousness - the National Science Foundation

Traditional religiosity and Kabbalistic ideas: Safed of the 16th century offers an alternative model of Jewish existence in the Land of Israel
One of the Akhat plot tablets in Ugrit. From Wikipedia

The stories of the Bible: the prose that was a song

Biblical prose may have begun as narrative poems, similar to those prevalent in the ancient Near East.
Ancient Greek culture. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Ancient Jewish Music 25: Jewish music in the Diaspora

The Jews in the Greek-Hellenistic space were more involved in everything related to Greek customs that penetrated Judaism such as the hemansion and especially music
Taking the swords out of the closet where they were hidden. Photo: Emil Eljam, Antiquities Authority

Researchers went to photograph an inscription in a cave near Ein Gedi and also found there a weapon cache from the time of the Bar Kochba rebellion

In Selik, four swords and a bayonet head were found that are approximately 1900 years old, preserved in wooden and leather cases, in excellent condition * "This is chilling evidence of a moment in time," say the researchers from the Antiquities Authority and Ariel University * Article
The works in the ancient canal. Photo by Emil Eljam, Antiquities Authority

A mystery in Jerusalem: What were the mysterious canal facilities from the days of Kings Jehoash and Amaziah that were uncovered in the City of David National Park used for?

The canal facilities, the likes of which have not yet been discovered in Israel, were in use about 2,800 years ago - during the time of the First Temple; According to the researchers from the Antiquities Authority and Tel Aviv University, "it is possible that the canals were used to soak some product. the location
Uncovering the ancient aqueduct. Photo: Emil Eljam, Antiquities Authority

The longest section of the upper aqueduct to Jerusalem was revealed in archaeological excavations at Givat HaMatus

The length of the arm section is about 300 meters, and it was uncovered in the excavations of the Antiquities Authority before the expansion of the neighborhood, funded by the "Arim" company for urban development and in the framework of the establishment of schools on the site at the initiative of the Jerusalem Municipality * among other things,
A statue of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael sings 24: Even in ancient times, Jewish music was influenced by Greek music

It has already been mentioned several times the brave connection forged between Greek and Hellenistic philosophy and music - the Pythagorean school that attributed a supreme moral value to music, the Platonic school that insisted on the relationship between music and nature
An illustration indicating a connection between a Christian monastic book and various rabbinical traditions on a spatial background

What is the connection between bats and Jews and Christians in antiquity?

An extraordinary study by a researcher in the field of Talmud at Ben Gurion University and a bat researcher at Tel Aviv University has resulted in the development of an innovative tool for analyzing the social connections created between the sages of Judaism and Christianity in the first centuries
Map of Judea and Philistia in the days of David. From the study

New research reveals: these were the borders of David's kingdom and Rehoboam's kingdom

The research from the Hebrew University determines for the first time, through archaeological and historical means, the boundaries of the kingdom of King David and his grandson, King Rehoboam and resolves the long-standing debate about the very existence of the kingdoms and
Excavations 2023 at Tel Shekmona. Photo by Prof. Golan Shloy.

The Scarlet Factory in Shekmona shows the flourishing of the Kingdom of Israel in the middle of the 8th-9th century BCE

Tel Shekmona was the largest crimson factory in the area during the Iron Age, under the control of the Kingdom of Israel and the one that apparently supplied the prestigious crimson color to the Temple in the neighboring Kingdom of Judah
The Roman amphitheater in Beit Shean, a musical convention site. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael Sher 22: The sand song and its playing and the social aspects involved (I)

Compared to the countless sources concerning the music in the temple, there is little information about the sand music, and yet the research brings up interesting things
This is how the comparison produced by the new computerized tool looks like. From top to bottom: the original verse from the Torah - in this example, of course, the first verse in Genesis; And the same verse in the Onclus translation (TO), in the Neophyte manuscript translation 1 (TN) and in the Pseudo-Jonathan translation (TPJ). The two bottom lines are the translation of the verse from two "fragment translations" - translations that include only certain sections of the Torah. A quick look is enough to notice that the five translations are very similar in the second part of the verse ("the heavens and the earth") and, on the other hand, are very diverse in the first part.

How do you say in Aramaic "Bereshith Bara"?

A computerized tool quickly links each word in the Torah with the corresponding words in the various translations of the Torah into Aramaic
A reading embedded in the Torah. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael sings: the music in the synagogues

Reading motivated by the Torah and prayers was an important, immanent element, in imparting the Torah and midrashes and Sages went into the depth of the importance of the Na'ima which served as an important means of sharpening the memory and flourished from the Mishna period onwards
Description of the Passover mitzvot in Deuteronomy. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Because this Passover has not been done since the days of the judges

The copper hook is 6000 years old. Photo by Emil Eljam, Antiquities Authority

In rescue excavations in Ashkelon, a 6,000-year-old copper fishing hook was discovered, one of the oldest known in the world

The hook, which appears to have been used for hunting sharks, was uncovered in the excavations of the Antiquities Authority before the establishment of the Agamim neighborhood in Ashkelon * The unique find will be presented for the first time at the 48th Archaeological Congress, in the organization of the Antiquities Authority, the Society for Land Exploration
The cover of the book "The Secret History of Judaism" by Ilon Gilad, published by Am Oved 2023

I found the book of the Torah in the house of Jehovah. Excerpt from the book "The Secret History of Judaism"

By Ilon Gilad, published by Am Oved. The section from the first chapter tells how the religion was founded out of nowhere and how the history of two Canaanite kingdoms - Judah and Israel - was written by the writer and king Shaphan
The remains of the ancient synagogue in Capernaum, from the fourth or fifth century AD. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael sings 20: the musical layers in the synagogue in their historical development

The beginning of the institution of the synagogue is rooted in the gatherings of the people in the temple in the days of Ezra the scribe and the reading of the Torah from his mouth. At first, the gathering was intended for Torah reading, while the liturgical element was added later, such as midrash and Torah study.
Dervish address. Photo: Shai Halevi, Antiquities Authority

Fadiha on Purim around the alleged inscription bearing the name of the Persian king Darius I, the father of Ahasuerus

The 2500-year-old pottery on which the inscription was engraved in Aramaic script was discovered by travelers by chance, in the Tel Lakish National Park * It seems that this is a "note" to confirm the delivery or receipt of goods * The rare ostracon was studied
shofar. The only remnant of Temple music. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael Sher 19: The transition period - the main thing is to sing with the mouth or with an instrument?!

Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, who moved from Jerusalem to Livna and made major changes in religious practice after the Holocaust, is also responsible for the disappearance of the vocal music of the Temple, and the transition of only vocal music to the synagogues,
The front of the burial cave that was revealed in the excavations. Unlike the hewn caves, the courtyard was built of limestone, which indicates its importance and splendor. Photo by Emil Eljam, Antiquities Authority

A 2,000-year-old tomb complex, one of the most luxurious seen in Israel, was uncovered in the Saloma Cave in the Lachish Forest

The courtyard was uncovered as part of the 'Road of the Kings of Judah' project led by the Antiquities Authority, the Jerusalem and Heritage Ministry, and the Kimat Israel Fund * Evidence of the sanctification of the place over hundreds of years was uncovered at the site, indicating the burial of
The coin cache. Photo: Shai Halevi, Antiquities Authority

For the first time: evidence of the Maccabean rebellion against the Greeks was uncovered in the Judean desert

In an excavation in a cave in the Nahal Darga Reserve, a rare treasure was discovered - a wooden box containing 15 silver coins from the time of King Antiochus IV *It seems that the person who buried the box in the cave ran away to it, hoping to collect the
The half shekel coin of the third year of the Great Revolt (Photo: Tal Rogovsky)

A rare half shekel silver coin from the days of the Great Revolt was discovered in the Ofel excavations in Jerusalem

This is the third coin of this type to be discovered in excavations in Jerusalem and one of the few ever discovered in archaeological excavations.
The Dead Sea Scrolls written by members of the Essene sect. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael Sher 17: The special role of music in the circle of the Essenes