History of the people of Israel

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (sitting on the chair), Ali Khamenei (center), and Khomeini's son, Ahmad Khomeini (left), in a photograph from 1981. Wikimedia Commons.

Researcher on Khamenei's legacy: "Most Iranians will not remember him as a strong leader"

Andrew Thomas from Australia argues that Ali Khamenei's 36 years of rule have given him almost unlimited power, but have left behind a weakened regime, a divided Iranian society and a deep erosion of the republic's legitimacy.
Purim: masks, rattles, songs and dances. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The Book of Esther – A Historiographical Confusion Part II – Why Purim is Almost Absent from Historical Memory

An examination of the books of the Maccabees, Josephus, the Addenda to the Book of Esther, the Mishnah, the Tosefta, and the Talmud reveals a surprising picture: the story of salvation itself is hardly discussed, while the customs of the holiday, the feast, the procession, and the community occupy the center of attention.
The Scroll of Esther, printed in Amsterdam, 1640. From the collection of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The Book of Esther as a Historiographical Complexity: Between Legend and Haggadah (Part 1)

A critical examination of the veracity of the scroll story in the face of the lack of historical references, and a discussion of the meaning of the names Mordecai and Esther and the possible connections to the pagan world of Persia and Babylon.
Stone vessels from Mount Scopus. They were considered vessels that did not accept impurity during the Second Temple period. Photo: Emil Aljam, Israel Antiquities Authority

A stone tool workshop from the Second Temple period was uncovered on Mount Scopus – evidence of a manufacturing center on the pilgrim route to Jerusalem.

"The discovery of the maker's workshop - alongside huge water reservoirs and a purification bath from the Second Temple period - testifies to the centrality of the site, which is located on the ancient road that was used by pilgrims who came to Jerusalem."
Ancient Roman amphitheater in Zippori. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Gallus Revolt 351–353 AD: The Last Jewish Rebellion Against Rome in Israel

Between Messianic Expectations and the Weakness of the Empire: How a Limited Revolt Led to Severe Roman Oppression and a Careful Memory in Sage Sources
Purification Bath. Photo by Ari Levy, Israel Antiquities Authority

A purification bath from the late Second Temple period was uncovered in excavations under the Western Wall plaza.

The rock-cut mikveh was discovered during excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority and the Western Wall Heritage Foundation, sealed in a layer of destruction dating to 70 CE, containing ash and utensils typical of Jerusalem on the eve of the destruction – tangible evidence of the events of destruction.
The rare pendant uncovered in excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority and the City of David. Photo by Emil Elgam, Israel Antiquities Authority

A 1,300-year-old lead pendant with the symbol of the Menorah was discovered in an excavation near the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

The find was discovered in Jerusalem's Davidson Archaeological Park. Researchers: Only one other ancient lead pendant bearing a menorah symbol is known in the world.
Lucas Cranach the Elder's map of the Holy Land in Christopher Proschauer's edition of the Old Testament (Zurich, 1525) in The Wren Library, Trinity College, Cambridge. Credit: The Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge

A 500-year-old inverted Bible map with the borders of the tribes of Israel shaped the perception of borders and states to this day.

New research from the University of Cambridge shows how the first map of the Holy Land in a printed Bible from 1525 – which was accidentally printed upside down – contributed to shaping the idea of ​​territorial borders, reinforcing the concept of the nation-state.
Ancient Palmyra, Syria. The competition between it and Neharda led to the destruction of the Jewish city. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Nehardea Chapter 4 and Final: The Destruction of Nehardea Between Persia and Palmyra: Who Really Destroyed the Babylonian Center of Torah?

The article re-examines the identity of Papa bar Netzer, rejects the identification with Odintus of Palmyra, and suggests that the destruction of Nehardea in the third century CE was the result of a Palmyra invasion motivated by economic and competitive motives.
Mesopotamian ziggurat in Iran. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Neharda, Chapter 3: Shmuel – Neharda’s Stargazer

How did Nehardea become the city and mother of the Jews of Babylon, and what is the relationship between Samuel the Amora, Babylonian astronomy, an ancient ziggurat, and mysterious comets?
Soldiers painted on the walls of Babylon, in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Neharda Chapter Two: Jewish Military Activity in Babylon – The Hanilai and Hasinai Revolt: Rebels or Greedy and Prosperous?

Based on "Jewish Antiquities" as a single source, the rebellion of the Nehardea brothers is examined in the context of the weakness of the Parthian kingdom, the possible financing mechanisms (including suspicion of taking over the half-shekel money), and its implications for the Nehardea community.
The role of the royal astronomer in ancient Babylon was to monitor the phases of the moon. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Nehardea – A Jewish City and Mother in Babylon Chapter 1

The rare treasure - 22 bronze coins that are more than 1,600 years old. Photo: Emil Aljem, Israel Antiquities Authority

A rare hoard of coins from the last Jewish revolt under Roman rule was discovered in a hidden system in the Galilee.

22 bronze coins from the 4th century AD were found in an underground hiding system at Horbat Hukuk in the Lower Galilee. The find, uncovered in a joint excavation by the Israel Antiquities Authority and the Safed Academic College, provides unique evidence of the reuse of hiding systems.
Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Unnamed Revolt: The Jews of Israel and Their Support for Septimius Severus Against Pescanius Niger see

Between the Great Revolt and Bar Kokhba – A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the People: How the Jews of the Land of Israel Found Themselves, Directly or Indirectly, on the Side of Emperor Septimius Severus in His War for the Crown in the 2nd Century AD
The straw that broke the dam: Archaeological samples of microscopic straw that was embedded in mortar during construction and paved the way for an extraordinary dating achievement. Photo: Dr. Johanna Regev / Scientific Archaeology Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science

Carbon-14 dating determines: The Pool of Siloam in Jerusalem was built in 800 BCE to deal with a climate crisis

New research by the Israel Antiquities Authority and the Weizmann Institute dates the impressive dam wall from the time of the Judean kings Joash or Amaziah, which was built in Jerusalem some 2,800 years ago as a solution to the climate crisis and water shortage.
On the back of the coin is a lulav, flanked by two etrogs, and the inscription Year 4. Photo by Emil Aljam, Israel Antiquities Authority

"For the Salvation of Zion": A rare coin from the fourth year of the Great Revolt was discovered in Jerusalem

A bronze coin minted by Jews in Jerusalem before the destruction of the Second Temple was uncovered during excavations conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority in cooperation with the City of David and the Quarter Restoration and Development Company, at the Jerusalem Archaeological Park – Davidson Center.
Statue of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Bar Droma: The Forgotten Warrior of the Bar Kochba Revolt

Did another, anonymous but courageous leader, known as "Bar Droma," operate alongside Ben Kusba? A linguistic research review and scholastic commentary reveal a new theory about the figures who operated underground and at the front
A black cat and a white cat. Their fates were different in ancient times. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The Cat in the Sources of Chazal 4: "If the Torah had not been given, we would have learned modesty from the cat"

The fourth episode in the series reviews the place of the cat in homes during the time of the Sages, their treatment of it as impure on the one hand and as having qualities worthy of imitation on the other – and the colors that stir debate to this day.
Eurasian lynx. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The Cat in Judaism Chapter 3: In the Mishnah and Talmud.

Leon Blum - Prime Minister of France before and after World War II and in between - a prisoner in Buchenwald. By Agence de presse Meurisse - This file is available in the Gallica Digital Library under the ID number: btv1b9039722x/f1, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18334452

Leon Blum – the natural socialist of the French Republic

Leon Blum's political journey: from Dreyfus sympathy to a unity prime minister in France
A collection of engravings, seals and inscriptions bearing names dating back to the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. ​​Photos, graphic design by Dr. Barak Sober

The diversity of names in the kingdoms of Israel and Judah reveals social and cultural gaps

A new study by researchers from the Hebrew University offers an innovative analysis of names from the biblical period using ecological methods, and shows: The Kingdom of Israel was more cosmopolitan and open - the Kingdom of Judah was conservative and centralized
A cat walks around the Jerusalem market of Beit Rishon. Image prepared by DALEE

The Cat Chapter 2 Early Appearances: The Missing Cat in Pre-Sage Jewish Sources

We will search in vain for the word "cat" in the Bible. Not so in the Tanakh and Talmudic literature, and certainly in the Midrashic literature.
Description: Low magnetic fields suppress spin decoherence in alkali metal vapors, extending the coherence time and improving the performance of quantum sensors. Credit: Mark Dikopoltsev and Avraham Barbie

Weak magnetic fields: a breakthrough in quantum sensors

Suppression of alkali metal vapor spin decoherence extends coherence time and improves quantum sensor performance
Afikomen Photo: shutterstock

What is the afikomen?

The cat is associated with ancient Egyptian culture. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The Cat in Israel's Sources 1: Going Back in Time

From the prehistoric cat to the domestic cat – this is how the nocturnal creature became a constant companion of man, a sacred animal in Egypt, identified with demons and symbols in the Passover Haggadah, and mysterious even in the eyes of the Talmudic sages.
A bronze statue of the god Apollo holding a type of harp. Photographed at the Museum of Monuments in Paris. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael Sher 37: Final Chapter – Influence of Foreign Customs on Music in Antiquity and the Approach of the Sages

From the dancer from Caesarea, who designed the performances in the Roman theater during the time of the Amora Rabbi Abbahu, to other figures from different periods who played Gentile music. The artistic performances of Jews reflect the complex combination of culture
Illustration of the rock-hewn rooms discovered in the City of David. Illustration: Shalom Kevlar, City of David

New research suggests: A special building in Jerusalem was used for worship when the Temple stood, during the First Temple period

In the unique structure, which was uncovered by the Israel Antiquities Authority on the eastern slope of the City of David, in the Jerusalem Walls National Park, eight rooms carved into the rock were discovered, including an altar, a tombstone, a winepress, and a winepress for wine production.
The daughters of Shiloh are generative in the vineyards. The illustration was prepared using DALEE and is not a scientific image

Ancient Jews Music 36: The generators who are repressed due to male control

During the period of the Mishna and the Talmud, that is, the second-fourth/fifth centuries AD, women's dances disappeared at social events. It is possible that the leaders of the generation were behind the absence of the female dance. That is, Sages
Coins of Alexander Yanai. Photo: Haifa University

A rare hoard including 160 coins of King Alexander the Great was discovered in the Jordan Valley

This cache is also one of the largest of its kind discovered in the Land of Israel. The discovery happened in the last few days during the Hanukkah holiday, which marks the Hasmonean rebellion in the Greeks
The ancient candle that was discovered in the excavations on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, and on it is decorated with a candlestick, a menorah and a candlestick. Photo: Emil Eljam, Antiquities Authority

A rare 1,700-year-old oil candle, with the symbols of the temple on it - a menorah, a torch and a candlestick, was revealed in Jerusalem

The researchers: "Just as today, many of us hold objects of Jewish significance, so did the owner of the candle, some two hundred years after the destruction of the temple"
Classical female dance in the ancient Greek style with women in colorful clothing. The image was prepared using DALEE and is not a scientific image

Ancient Jews Music 35: The Post-Biblical Period, Dance 2

Victory dances and worship in the post-biblical period - a look at cultural and religious phenomena in the historical landscape
Women dance a traditional dance during the Second Temple period. The image was prepared by DALEE and is for illustrative purposes only, and is not a scientific image

Am Yisrael song 34, the dance parade

Dancing in the Bible: an external expression of inner feelings and experiences, from manifestations of worship to victory in battle
Masada. Photo: Omer Zaevi, excavation expedition from Masada

Contrary to myth: the Roman siege of Masada did not last several years but only a few weeks

The researchers: "According to the common myth, the Romans harassed the rebels in Masada for three years. An innovative survey using advanced technologies revealed that the siege by the Roman army was a focused and relatively quick operation."
Dr. Elena Kogan-Zahavi from the Antiquities Authority, who uncovered one of the graves about 30 years ago, in the graves after their preservation

Spectacularly beautiful wall paintings from the Roman period that were discovered in Ashkelon are being revealed for the first time and will be accessible to the public

The paintings, which decorate ancient tombs of wealthy people, were discovered decades ago but few got to see them. Now, they are preserved by the conservation experts of the Antiquities Authority near the marina, funded by the municipality of Ashkelon.
The amphitheater in Caesarea. From Wikipedia

Distribution of prizes for second and third place in the Olympics - Herod's idea

Over the course of hundreds of years, a wreath of olive leaves was given only to the winners of the Olympic sports, who also received considerable funding from the cities that represented, until about a decade before the end of the first century BC King Herod held games
The High Priest, from the Second Temple period. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Ancient Jews Music 32: Above and beyond - the high priest was engaged in proofreading in the Temple

This chapter actually concludes most of the research, except for a chapter on dance that will follow. Several reasons combined to push this issue to the margins of the present study
Archaeologist Shahar Crispin holds the hoard of coins after finding it. Photo by Yuli Schwartz

In Lod, evidence of the last revolt of the Jews of the Land of Israel under the Roman rule, about 1650 years ago, was uncovered

In the excavation of the site, conducted by the Antiquities Authority with funding from the municipality of Lod, the remains of an ancient Jewish public building that was destroyed were discovered. A cache of 94 coins was hidden on the floor of the building, but no one returned to its collection until it was discovered now
2,000-year-old tefillin in the Antiquities Authority laboratories. Photo: Emil Eljam, Antiquities Authority

A new study states: 2,000 years ago, Tefillin were not dyed black

Researchers from Ariel University, the Antiquities Authority, the University of Exeter in England, and the Weizmann Institute conducted a series of scientific tests on ancient tefillin houses from the Judean Desert, and discovered that - contrary to the accepted law, according to which the houses must be painted
Actress Yael Sharoni in the role of a mourner in the series "The Jews are Coming". Screenshot

Ancient Jews Music 31: Mourning customs

The Mishna ruled that among the husband's duties to his wife was the concern for her burial, and "even a poor man in Israel, no less than two flute players (we used to be flute players) and a mourner (at least one)" (Mishna Ketubut 4:XNUMX)
Anti-Israel demonstration near the White House, November 4, 2023. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The report on the state of anti-Semitism in the world for 2023: "Fear for the future of Jewish life in the West"

The annual anti-Semitism report of Tel Aviv University was published in collaboration with the "Anti-Defamation League" ahead of Holocaust Day
Excavation site in the City of David showing signs of the earthquake that occurred in 750 BC (photo: Yohana Regev)

Carbon Jerusalem: extensive and accurate dating of the city during the Kingdom of Judah

Weizmann Institute of Science scientists overcame a cosmic phenomenon that makes it difficult for archaeologists around the world and presented for the first time an absolute dating of Jerusalem in the Iron Age
Pan flute player in the Hellenistic period. Credit: The Science website via DALEE. It should not be seen as a scientific picture

Ancient Jews Music 30: The wind instruments

Continuation of the review on the various musical instruments that were used in the temple at the end of the Second Temple, with Greek influence
Moses during the splitting of the Red Sea. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The tradition of the exodus from Egypt as the allochthonous (external) origin of the Israelites

Jewish and Israeli traditions and also among the priests and royal people in the Kingdom of Israel, there are differences between them as to the origin of the Israelites - Aram or maybe Egypt?
Egyptian scholars in the Ptolemaic period who wrote the story of the Exodus so that the Egyptians would come out good and the Jews bad. The image was produced using DALEE and should not be considered a scientific image

The place and time in which anti-Semitism was born and the connection to the Exodus * An interview with a researcher who published an article about it

Egyptian writers who lived in the third century BCE claimed that the Jews carried diseases and harmed Egypt and that in general they were the bad guys when they came to rewrite the story of the Exodus from Egypt, perhaps without meaning to, they created anti-Semitic arguments that would be based
A harp player from the time of the Bible. Credit: The Science website, via DALEE. The image is for illustration only and should not be considered a scientific image

Ancient Jews Music 29: harp and violin: the musical instruments and an examination of their development

In this chapter we will review the development of stringed instruments
Queen Esther at the city gate. Painting by Sandro Botticelli

Esther: the story of a queen

A study examines the attitude towards Queen Esther in art, religion, literature and plays in the 16th-15th century in Italy
A cave of concealment during the Bar Kochva rebellion that was discovered in Hukok near the Sea of ​​Galilee. Photo: Emil Eljam, Israel Antiquities Authority.

An impressive underground hiding system from the days of the Bar Kochba revolt has been uncovered near the Sea of ​​Galilee

A ring discovered in a cave in Khokuk that was used by Bar Kochba soldiers to hide from the Romans. Photo: Dafna Gazit, Israel Antiquities Authority
An orchestra from the Second Temple period. The image was prepared using the artificial intelligence software DALEE 2 and should not be considered a historical image.

Am Yisrael sings 28 - the musical instruments in their historical development

In this chapter, regarding its various sections, I would like to emphasize the following points: distinction between the musical instruments in the Bible and those of the period under discussion and the various consequences thereof; the extent of the influence of Greekness and Hellenism on musical instruments;