Many scientists discover new things, but only a few of them achieve real breakthroughs. Fewer still change their field in a way that leaves a mark for many years, but only truly virtuous individuals fundamentally change the accepted concepts in their field. Albert Einstein was one such person whose name became synonymous with genius
Many scientists discover new things, but only a few of them achieve real breakthroughs. Fewer still change their field in a way that leaves a mark for many years, but only truly virtuous individuals fundamentally change the accepted concepts in their field. Among those individuals of virtue stands out above all one who succeeded by the power of his thought alone to completely change the way we understand not only our world, but also the entire universe. A man whose name has become synonymous with genius, and whose ideas are proven time and time again to be correct through technologies that could not even be imagined when they were used, 100 years ago or more.
it's all relative
Albert Einstein was born on March 14.3.1879, XNUMX in Ulm, Germany, and grew up in Munich. He attended a Catholic school, but received a Jewish education and also excelled in playing the violin. When he was five years old, he received a compass as a gift, and the device sparked his curiosity about the laws of nature. Later he read several popular science books and his attraction to the field grew even more and encouraged him to excel in high school in mathematics and physics. The family was forced to move to Italy due to the father's business failures, and Albert, who did not pass the entrance exams to the Zurich Polytechnic, completed his high school studies in Switzerland and was eventually accepted to study physics and mathematics at the desired institution. There he met who would become his first wife, Mileva Maric, the only woman in the class. During their studies, Maric Leinstein became pregnant and gave birth to their daughter at her parents' house in Serbia. The baby disappeared when she was less than two years old, and it is not clear whether she died of an illness or was given up for adoption. Einstein never saw his daughter.
Already during his studies, Einstein achieved one of the great breakthroughs. During his time, researchers already knew that the speed of light is constant - about 300,000 km per second. However, the accepted explanation was that light - like everything else in the universe - does not move in a vacuum but in a mysterious medium called "Ether". In 1897, two American researchers proved that the ether does not exist (although in their expensive and complex experiment they sought to prove exactly the opposite). Einstein the student reached the same conclusion himself, in a relatively simple thought experiment. The principle of relativity, formulated by Galileo hundreds of years earlier, stated that a person who is in constant motion, inside a closed vehicle (Galileo spoke on the lower deck of a ship, nowadays it is customary to use the example of a train), without windows, will not feel that he is in motion without exposure to what is happening outside, Because everything with him and around him moves at exactly the same speed. The young Einstein wondered in his imagination what would happen to a person in such a carriage, if the carriage itself was moving at the speed of light, and the person was looking in the mirror. If the speed of light is constant relative to the site, but the carriage and the viewer also move with it on the site, the person will not be able to see his vision, because the light will not be able to reach the mirror from his face. In such a situation, the observer will know that he is in motion because his shadow will disappear, which contradicts Galileo's principle of relativity. Einstein went back and forth on the issue, and came to the conclusion that the ether simply does not exist. If the ether does not exist, and light moves in space, the question remains in relation to why the speed of light is 300,000 km per second? Einstein realized that as strange as it sounds, the speed of light is relative to the viewer.
A wonderful year
Einstein was in no hurry to make his insights public, and kept them to himself. While dealing with such issues, at the cutting edge of research, he had to deal with lecturers at the Polytechnic who refused to teach the latest ideas in physics. Many of them recognized his openness, but objected to his refusal to accept their authority. One of them even called Einstein a "lazy dog".
Einstein himself wrote about the Technion "The only thing that hinders my studies is the education I receive". Although he received an education, he did not receive letters of recommendation. And so Einstein had a hard time at the end of his studies getting the teaching job he wanted for himself. In the end, with the help of a friend's father, he managed to get a less promising job in 1901 - a clerk in the patent office in the city of Bern. He is required to examine various applications for patents, such as a device for filtering gravel or an electric typewriter. Einstein did not particularly excel at his work, but he received tenure in the office, and especially enjoyed the fact that the work left him more than enough time to attend to his own affairs. In retrospect, perhaps the fact that he was cut off from the established academy and fixed by certain ideas allowed him the freedom of thought. He did write a doctoral thesis under the guidance of a researcher at the University of Zurich - but he did the work himself.
In the year he received his doctorate - 1905 - Einstein published four groundbreaking papers in physics, which gave this year the nickname "year of miracles" (annus mirabilis). The first paper explained the movement of gas and dust particles in a liquid (a phenomenon known as Brownian motion). This article greatly strengthened the propaganda regarding the existence of atoms, which many then considered not a real entity but a theoretical principle designed to explain physical phenomena. In the second article, Einstein explained the "photoelectric effect" - a phenomenon of the emission of electrons from metals if light is projected onto them at a certain frequency. In this article, Einstein also explained that light sometimes behaves like a wave, as they believed until then, and sometimes like a particle. In the third article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", Einstein - finally - published his insights regarding the relative speed of light to the viewer. The idea developed by Einstein had enormous consequences - for example, it resulted from it that time is also a relative thing, and it lengthens (that is, slows down) as we approach the speed of light. It also emerged from the article that not only time warps, but also bodies with mass will shrink as they approach the speed of light. The groundbreaking article - known today as "Special Relativity" - completely changed the way physicists looked at space and time - now it turned out that they are one entity that cannot be separated. In the fourth article, Einstein explained that energy and mass are actually two forms of the same thing, as explained in the formula that is probably the most famous in history: E=mc2.
from the particular to the general
The articles earned Einstein a world name, but not necessarily a living in academia. He continued to work in the patent office until 1908 and only then was he appointed a lecturer at the University of Bern. A year later he was already a professor in Zurich, and at the same time also at the University of Prague. In 1912, the "lazy dog" returned to the Polytechnic - this time as a professor. In 1914 he returned to his homeland with a distinguished professorship at the University of Berlin. During this period, by the way, Einstein was busy not only with science, but also a father of two small children. His son Hans was born in 1904, and Edward in 1910. The burden of the children fell mainly on his wife, and the marital relationship was shaken and left.
In the following years, Einstein worked on expanding the special theory of relativity. It was called "special relativity" because it applies to a certain special case - bodies moving at a constant speed. Einstein wanted to formulate a theory that would apply to any situation. His starting point was the connection between space and time that he discovered in private relations, and at the end of years of calculations and Sisyphean theoretical work, Einstein published (exactly 100 years ago) the theory of general relativity. The new theory actually refined Newton's theory of gravity, explaining that the space-time of the entire universe is a single, multidimensional entity. Gravity, i.e. the fact that a large body attracts smaller bodies to it - is a result of the magnitude of the disturbance created by each body in the same space-time. The new theory explained with great precision the deviation in the orbit of the planet Hema (Mercury), which according to Einstein was due to the extreme gravity in the region very close to the sun. Not all scientists were convinced by the proof, and Einstein was looking for conclusive proof of the correctness of his theory. According to general relativity, the gravity of a very large body would create a distortion in space-time that would bend even light rays, and Einstein sought proof of this. He realized that if a certain star is supposed to be behind the sun as far as we are concerned, its gravity will bend its light, and it will appear to us at the edge of the sun. Of course, it is impossible to distinguish a star at the edge of the sun because of its light, except in a certain situation - a total solar eclipse. Indeed, in 1919 the British astronomer Arthur Eddington was able to photograph a solar eclipse and show the bending of light through gravity. Eddington's measurement was horribly inaccurate, but the principle was correct. Shortly after, the "New York Times" announced a "revolution in science" in the headline. The media interest made Einstein the first "celebrity" of the world of science. The physicists who had a hard time swallowing special relativity, now had to deal with the increasing recognition of general relativity as well. Even the Nobel Prize committee could no longer ignore Einstein, and awarded him the 1921 prize, but not for relativity, but for his 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect.
life itself
While Einstein's scientific work soared to new heights, his personal life was full of ups and downs. After five years of living apart, Albert and Mileva divorced in 1919, and a few months later Einstein married his cousin (from both sides) Elsa. In these years, Einstein was also committed to helping Zionism. In 1921, he traveled with Chaim Weizmann to the United States to collect donations for the Hebrew University [When the ship docked in New York, the journalists asked Weizmann - who himself was a renowned biochemist - if he understood now, after a long voyage with Einstein, the theory of relativity. Weizmann replied that he had talked about it a lot with Einstein, and was impressed that he (Einstein) understood it well...]. Two years later, Einstein visited the Land of Israel, and received honorary citizenship of the city of Tel Aviv. In 1933, when the Nazis came to power in Germany, Einstein was in Britain. The property of the Jewish professor from Berlin was confiscated, he was fired from his job and his citizenship was revoked. Einstein emigrated to the United States, joined Princeton University and never returned to his homeland.
One of the theoretical implications of Einstein's discovery that matter and energy are different forms of the same thing was that the fission of the atom could release a lot of energy. Several discoveries in the 30s made this idea seem somewhat possible, and in 1939 Einstein signed a letter from scientists to US President Roosevelt warning that the Germans might try and develop such a bomb. The letter was one of the factors that pushed for the establishment of the "Manhattan Project", for the development of atomic bombs - including those dropped on Japan. Later it became clear, by the way, that the Germans were very far from being able to develop atomic weapons. After the war, Einstein became one of the prominent opponents of the development of nuclear weapons and the arms race.
Einstein continued to work and live in Princeton even after his retirement in 1945. Seven years later, with the death of the first president, Chaim Weizmann, Ben-Gurion suggested that Einstein be appointed the second president of the State of Israel. Einstein politely refused and wrote that he was not suitable for the position and he preferred to focus on science. In 1955, Einstein was scheduled to deliver a filmed blessing on television in honor of Israel's seventh Independence Day. However, while he was busy drafting the blessing, he collapsed due to an aneurysm in the aorta, and on 18.4 his death was pronounced.
after death
Even though Einstein's ideas were not without errors [Einstein rejected, for example, quantum mechanics, even though the article that won him the Nobel Prize laid the foundation for the field], many of the ideas he formulated are still valid, and have even been proven time and time again with much more advanced means than those available to Einstein and his sons his generation Some even have apps. For example, the time distortion due to the movement at the speed of light, is weighted by the information transmitted by geographic positioning satellites (GPS) to the Earth, and without this weighting it would be much less accurate. Einstein was widely commemorated in the world: among other things, the chemical element Einsteinium was named after him, and he was chosen as the man of the 20th century by the weekly "Time". In Israel he was also commemorated a lot: his portrait appeared on an old five-lira bill and on postage stamps. His birthday, March 14.3, is Israel's National Science Day. Even today, six decades after his death, many books continue to be published about his scientific work, his life and his worldviews. And perhaps the greatest commemoration of all is the inspiration Einstein gave to millions of people to think differently, break conventions, and dare to promote new ideas. If one or two of these millions will be a scientist at Einstein's level - let's discuss.
More of the topic in Hayadan:
36 תגובות
"The speed of light is relative to the viewer." Just the opposite. The speed of light is constant for all inertial observers regardless of their relative speed. An amazing thing in itself but the opposite of what is written and wrong in the article. I recommend going through the entire article, it's a shame that Yandex in Google will lie in the archive and continue to confuse and mislead.
Love the science and things like this can happen to anyone by accident.
Itai
Einstein did not rule out quantum theory. He just thought there might be a better theory.
Are many of his ideas valid? Besides a calculation error, what exactly is not valid?
Jenz
The experiment is Hertz, not Maxwell. One of the greatest moments in history: the first time they managed to send an electromagnetic transmission.
Maxwell is not just any scientist, and Maxwell's model is not just any model. Otherwise, maybe you or someone will explain how he was able to derive the speed of light from the constants of electricity and magnetism using a hydrodynamic model? case? luck?
At least Newton's theory was not rejected after Einstein, but was reduced to a special case of Einstein's theory at low speeds. We all studied this particular case. But does anyone teach the Maxwell model?
I don't know if there is or isn't an ether or God (but neither are you!). But at least from the logical point of view, it is difficult for me to understand how a model that produced Maxwell's equations and the speed of light can be completely rejected. It is true that Maxwell's equations are a recycling of Gauss Ampere and Co. Still, Gauss and Ampere also produced them from hydrodynamic models, therefore electricity "flows" and hence the law of "divergence", flux.
Anyone volunteer to explain?
My view is that it may be possible to show that Maxwell's ether model is a particular case of a larger theory.
And this is what your servant is trying to do in his experiments, which will most likely yield nothing, except great fun for the experimenter.
Albentezo
Of course I don't understand what dark energy is.
You don't understand what dark energy is either.
There is no one in this world who understands what dark energy is.
That's why I pointed out the problematic nature of the matter. 3/4 of the universe consists of dark energy and there are almost no people in the world who study it.
"The energy of the vacuum" is exactly the point.
The vacuum is not a perfect void either, and quantum fluctuations exist in it. (Higgs field, etc.)
The vacuum is also infested with particles.
And if we refer to the fact that everything consists of a photon-electron, and in light of what I wrote above regarding the vacuum - it is not impossible that dark energy also consists of some kind of particle and is not just 'virtual energy that maintains virtual quantum equations'.
Israel
offended?! Moa? When you say that, it's a compliment 🙂
I don't understand what the problem is with Maxwell's model and why you attach such importance to Maxwell's website.
Today we know that Maxwell's website does not exist (I guess this is the problem with the model?).
But what is the problem with the experiment he performed and its connection to the site?
And why are you caught on his site and not looking for Israel Shapira's site? Why shouldn't there be an intermediary but not like Maxwell's?
Albantezo thanks.
So the principle of equivalence is not comprehensive.. Can you give an example of the difference between acceleration and gravity?
And to close the issue from all sides: it was said that a charged body - a rubbed block of amber - was found in my car. Will it radiate when I put gas on it? Is it possible to measure the radiation also inside the car?
And what about a body in free fall? According to Newton it is accelerating. Does it radiate?
Thanks.
Israel,
The question "Does a body at rest on the surface of the Earth radiate?" It is a very popular question among lecturers to challenge students in the master's degree or at the end of the bachelor's degree. The answer is, no. A particle on my desk does not radiate. It can be calculated precisely (there are several ways, Feynman had a way that is relatively simple if my memory serves me correctly), and it can also be understood heuristically: Einstein's principle of equivalence is *local*. Meaning, an accelerated charge interacts locally with its environment which is exactly the same as the interaction of a particle in a gravitational field. But the principle of equivalence by no means means that the measurement of a non-local quantity cannot distinguish between acceleration and gravity (and there are also some famous examples of this). Radiation is, by definition, not a local quantity. You can think of it this way - if you look at a charge closely, you see that it is constantly emitting and receiving photons. This creation process is local and is typically completely random. Radiation is an averaging of these photonic annihilation and creation processes as observed by an observer distant from the charge. This argument is not a proof - the proof, as I said, is mathematical - but only hand waving aimed at making it easier to understand for those who are not interested in calculating the radiation differences.
Jenz
Regarding envelopes and stamps, great for Israel. Israel is just a small pawn in the great cosmological game. Leaving universe-spanning theories to Einstein, Hawking, Weintz. (Jainz, you're not too offended by the comparison, are you?).
And of course he will.
Regarding the site, it returns and creeps into popular science literature in various forms, for example in Brian Greene's books. Even Einstein didn't rule out its existence, as long as it doesn't have a preferred rest system. Lorentz, Morelli, and many others continued to believe in it even after Einstein published relativity. At the end of the 19th century, belief in the site was roughly like belief in atoms today: unshakable.
But when I say site, I mean the original site, what Grisha and Yafim in the farm in the kolkhoz would call site - site. Maxwell's website:
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Physical_Lines_of_Force
Please pay special attention to equation 136 and the way it was derived.
And Israel asks: What, did Maxwell just happen to succeed like that? Deriving the speed of light from the constants of electricity and magnetism, like deriving the speed of sound in a Newtonian hydrodynamic model from considerations of viscosity, compression and temperature?
Maxwell claimed that he did not know about the connection beforehand, and only when he calculated the speed of wave propagation in the same hydrodynamic model of Faraday's lines of force, he discovered to his surprise that it was the speed of light.
Moreover. The well-known Maxwell's equations, which did not change even with Einstein, were derived from the same hydrodynamic model of currents, eddies and pressures.
So what, did he just happen to get lucky and hit a bull? The equations are correct, the calculated speed of light is correct - but the model itself is wrong?
Strange, very strange.
Albantezo, most thanks for the referral.
In connection with our article, a question arose regarding the radiation of an accelerated electric charge:
Radiation requires an energy source, and it can be measured in most cases.
According to Einstein and the equivalence principle, acceleration and gravity are equal. Therefore a body that is at rest on the table in the room is actually in acceleration.
So if there is an electrically charged body on the table, will it radiate? Is it possible to measure this radiation using a measuring device that is at rest relative to the body? What about the energy consumption of the radiant body, where does it come from? Isn't he supposed, after some period of time, to radiate himself into knowledge and with him every body around him?
Thanks.
questionnaire,
Before we talk about magnets, let's talk about what you said about mirrors.
The question "What will a person moving at the speed of light see when..." is an oxymoron. According to the theory of relativity, a person, or any material for that matter, can never move at the speed of light. The speed of light is reserved for massless particles (we only know the photon and the gluon, and we hope to find a graviton in the future), and they are special in that they are not matter but actually a quantization of forces. That is, the electromagnetic force can be represented by massless particles moving at the speed of light, as can the strong force and probably gravity. But from a physical point of view the speed of light has no meaning for the viewer. On a mathematical level, this question also makes no sense since at the speed of light it is not possible to define a system of rest, which is equivalent to saying that there is no physical point of view for an object moving at the speed of light.
Now, as soon as you talk about a speed lower than the speed of light, and it does not matter at all if it is lower by 10^-80 meters per second or if it is a speed that is not relative at all (for example, 2 km/h), your statement is no longer true. Any observer moving at a speed that is lower than the speed of light - and no matter how close - will see himself in the mirror exactly as you see yourself. Relative to it, the light will move at the speed of light, as it moves relative to you, and there will be a reflection as in any other rest system.
Similarly, if you're holding a pair of magnets, it doesn't matter at all how fast you're moving. In your system at rest the physics will be the same as you know from a system of two magnets at non-relative speeds. An observer from the side will see a different effect - the electric and magnetic fields will mix, but the final result will be the same (that is, every invariant quantity between the reference systems will be measured in the same way for both of you, and there will be no causal differences). You can disagree on the details of the dynamics, but this has nothing to do with electromagnetism, but all the usual business of Lorentz transformations.
albenza,
I wanted to ask you if a person on a moving train is close to the speed of light
He will hold magnets in both hands and bring them closer
Will there be attraction or repulsion, just as that person will look in the mirror and not be able to
to see his coming?
Israel,
There is no simple formula that is correct in all cases linking acceleration and radiation. I would recommend you look at the Larmor formula, which might help you, although it does not address the most general case (in principle, the proven version of it is non-relativistic and assumes constant acceleration, although there are generalizations).
Jenz,
You don't seem to understand what dark energy is. There is no such thing as the "dark energy particle". You may be confusing dark energy and dark matter, which are completely different things. Dark energy as it is reflected in general relativity, Einstein's equations and their cosmological applications, is a characteristic of space-time itself and not of the matter within it. Within the framework of quantum mechanics, there is indeed such a thing that fulfills exactly all the properties expected of dark energy, and it is the energy of the vacuum (that is, the energy that a piece of volume of space has regardless of what is contained within it). This quantum phenomenon has been proven and documented in experiments. The problem, and the reason that dark energy is still not a closed field of research, is a discrepancy in numbers between the expectation that quantum mechanics gives for dark energy and the actual measured size. However, it should be noted that there are many reasons why the quantum calculation as performed could be inaccurate, and there are many ideas on how to correct it.
Netz (what makes you change names all the time?)
Re-examine your worldview. You are causing the fact that in 10-20 years there will be only one Arab country here.
Israel
happy Independence Day!
Shmulikim
Nakba day is sad. 🙂 🙁
Israel
I did understand, thank you.
As I said before, that's what I thought. As someone who is not involved in the field I wanted to make sure that what I remember and what I learned is indeed correct.
Indeed, your technical means are certainly achievable.
But the technical means that discover the particle of dark energy - are not attainable..
There is nothing wrong with "13.7 billion years +- how many zeros?".
What is bad is the lack of understanding that dark energy is the modern "ether".
Dark energy is the envelope of all baryonic and exotic (dark) matter.
And the problem is that we still haven't found a way to measure this energy.
Do you understand this, Israel? 🙂
The question of whether there is an envelope for all this is a valid question.
Proposition that dark energy is all there is is certainly acceptable.
But, the lack of understanding that dark energy is the envelope of matter, is a problem.
Understand? 🙂
Very interesting - thanks!
But there are a lot of spelling mistakes and it's a shame. For example: "Torot" instead of forms, "Achi", "Lebend" etc...
In the meantime, an answer arrived to the question I presented at the time:
1. As far as I know, electromagnetic force is carried by photons. If there are two magnets or two static electric charges, how does the force they exert on each other work? If it is through the exchange of photons and virtual photons, what is the wavelength of those photons?
2. What is the formula for the relationship between the acceleration of an electrically charged body and the electromagnetic radiation created as a result of the acceleration? Thanks.
The answer (omitting formulas):
The electric force is carried by photons, however, unlike the light particles that can be seen or measured in a detector, photons
Those who carry the electric force (Coulomb force) have no independent existence. In the professional language these photons are called virtual photons.
The technical meaning of the term virtual particle is that while a real particle satisfies the relativistic momentum-energy equation,
A virtual particle does not satisfy this equation.
It's not that convenient to talk about the wavelength of the virtual photon and we prefer to discuss the energy and momentum it carries. The virtual particles appear as intermediate states in the process, such as in electron scattering
nuclear When an electron is scattered from a nucleus it removes/receives from the nucleus momentum and energy, this momentum and energy characterize the photon
the virtual but they depend on the initial and final momentum of the scattered electron.
Best regards
Prof. Nir Barnea
Too bad there is no answer to the second part as well.
Did you get that, Jenz?
Jenz
The arkman is undergoing surgery, I left him a message to call if he's coming over for the summer.
My technical means are definitely attainable, learning as I go. I am currently following transmissions from satellites. You need to get sharp signals from satellites as far away as possible to get a meaningful measurement. Maybe Nisim has an idea.
A shell for the universe? Don't forget that the universe has no specific middle point and every point where it is both a center and an envelope. Confusing, true, but that's probably the way things are.
Zvi says that the universe is probably infinite, and also that they discovered a star that has life on it.
Regarding understanding about the time of Genesis: What is wrong with the existing estimate of 13.7 billion years +- how many zeros?
Israel
First of all, say hello to Yuval. He is really missing. this arkman And if you manage to convince the one whose name should not be mentioned in vain - to join the discussion, how good! (I'm contacting you because he won't listen to me. But his contribution to the discussions is an asset to the site and a help to others).
Second, indeed, technical means are the reason for the limitations of human understanding of the universe, as of today.
Besides, thanks for the explanation. I thought so. We are of the same opinion on this matter.
But, another question bothers me: whether or not there is an "envelope" for the universe.
(From here or there, in my opinion, it will be possible to give an answer to the question of "absolute time").
If we go the farthest and explore the limit of the universe, we will find that it is impossible to approach it - because it is always moving away from us.
In my opinion, if we investigate the 'border' closest to us (as opposed to the border farthest from us) we can at least answer the question: is it possible to determine an absolute time.
And what I mean:
When we know what dark energy is and what quanta it is composed of - the primordial energy - we will be able to determine the time when it first appeared.
When we know how to do this, we will be able to determine the time of Genesis (absolute time).
Before we continue the discussion, do we have an understanding?
So maybe we will call for water?
Like that... a little dry.
Jenz
I am still in sporadic contact with Yuval, and R.H. Popped in to visit a few months ago. It is possible that the aggressive and humorless nature of the discussions in recent times discourages certain commenters, I personally know one.
The background radiation is electromagnetic, so its components are photons. Some of the "snow" you see when you switch channels on TV comes from the background radiation. Its wavelength is around a centimeter, and it can be observed with a radio telescope (that's actually how it was discovered, by chance, by two engineers who won the Nobel Prize for protecting Gamov's heart, who predicted its existence many years before).
Don't take the absolute time argument to extremes. This is an entirely non-mainstream argument and almost certainly wrong. The logic behind it is this: at any given moment, a certain number of photons can be associated with each unit of volume in the universe - a cubic kilometer, for example. Even of a baryon material, such as hydrogen. It is true that in different places the density changes, but this does not change the argument itself.
It is therefore possible to define every moment in the history of the universe in terms of average density. This nicely explains the irreversibility of entropy, since the density is getting smaller as the universe expands, as opposed to a constant density where the entropy eventually reverses as Poincaré proved to poor Boltzmann and thus increased his entropy until he went to zero density.
According to relativity there is no preferred time system. To me it's a bit strange, because if that's the case, how can any observer at any speed know the age of the background radiation which is also the age of the universe? And if the background radiation time is not preferred, why can't it be exceeded? Why is the twin paradox one sided, because when the traveling twin moves away from his brother, the universe ages rapidly for him. But his brother is also moving away from him just as quickly. So why isn't the universe aging for him at the same faster rate than his clock?
Acceleration is unrelated. Contrary to what has been written in many places, I do not believe that the twin paradox is resolved through considerations of acceleration.
It is true that I have an idea, which is probably wrong, but which can be tested through an experiment. That's what I'm doing now. We have already reached a stage where only technical measures stand in the way of a definitive decision. Let's hope I can overcome them in the coming weeks.
Yossi Simon,
If you have already come up with the thought experiment that a train traveling at the speed of light will not be able to
To see himself in the mirror, I would add and ask if I am on the same train holding everything
A permanent magnet brings them closer to each other, will I feel attraction or repulsion, or not?
A second point is that magnetism is not affected by mass, while light will bend a little
near her (gravitational filtration).
A third point is the comparison between light and magnetism: why light cannot pass through
My hand, whereas magnetic flux can pass from the south pole of the HF to the north pole
at a very high speed? Doesn't the permeability indicate something?
Israel
I'm good, thanks. a bit busy The Jemaa has disbanded, at least that's how it seems. Apparently a man is a wolf...
Regarding your argument - I think you are right.
But I still haven't been able to understand how the background radiation is measured and what it consists of.
Are these photons?
How is the radiation measured?
(By the way, a side note may not be related - the color red is not the property of all animals. Not all animals can see the color red).
And one more thing: do you think the way to determine absolute time goes through cosmology and astrophysics, or alternatively it goes through the direction of quantum mechanics?
questionnaire!
According to my unprofessional opinion, even on the surface of the earth there are very subtle changes in the force of gravity because the sphere and its layers are not symmetrical. towards its center.
Therefore, a person who will have an early mapping of the forces of gravity everywhere. And a highly sensitive time measuring device, so even in a closed train it will be able to deduce in some cases whether it is in motion.
I understand from Albert Einstein's experiment that he wanted to demonstrate a case where the train travels at the speed of light, he does not see his image in the mirror. In fact, the fact that he does not see himself in the mirror, he can conclude that at a good time he has reached the speed of light.
Israel Dash, I hope you don't invent some kind of bomb, there in the NASA laboratories, good to hear
A person in a closed envelope could measure the speed of his movement relative to the bodies
external, if he didn't have a device sensitive enough to measure the differences in gravity
of is said as DH, the moon, the sun, Jupiter and Jupiter. And of course their route at any given moment.
The gravity of those bodies is inside the same closed envelope and should change.
Jenz
My health is good to excellent, and you? Where has all the mythological cosmology gone? Where is Yuval? Where is R.H.? Where is Meir?
Where is Ehud? Where is Zvi?
And where the hell did Michael go? Let's hope everything is fine with dad and the stroller.
You can read about background radiation at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background
This is electromagnetic radiation, a remnant and clear evidence of the Big Bang. What is interesting for our purposes is that it is not uniform in every direction, therefore it can be concluded from the measurement of the shift to red and blue in different directions that we are moving relative to it at a speed of about 371 km/s towards the constellation Leo.
But this is exactly what Postulate 1 is talking about, isn't it? that we are not able to know through measurement whether we are moving or at rest.
Indeed, we are unable. But we can know our speed relative to the background radiation, and calculate our speed relative to another object whose speed relative to the radiation is known to us, right?
Moreover, the time can also be deduced by measuring the temperature of the background radiation and converting it to the time that has passed since the explosion using the relevant Friedman equation, right?
Here is an example scenario:
Spock falls asleep at the helm of the spaceship, and his 5-year-old son rides the pedals: there's gas, breaks right and left in crazy zigzags, accelerates, slows down, reverses...
When Spock wakes up, he doesn't know where he is. How will he be able to know what the time is at the base in Israel, and what is the ship's speed relative to Israel? Maybe a million years have passed there and the ship is now moving at a speed of half C towards Andromeda?
In 1905, there is no way to know.
Today, if your devices are accurate enough, you measure the spectrum of the background radiation in several directions, and immediately calculate your speed relative to the radiation and the earth, and the time that has passed since the bang, which is also approximately earth time.
No? Ofer?
Israel! What's up old man? What does cosmic radiation consist of? dark energy? How do you measure the cosmic background radiation?
Is measuring and determining the value of radiation - possible, as of today?
Kokienzo
Israel has not disappeared, Israel is busy from morning to night with the most exciting experiments since Michelson and Morley.
And the problem is not the proven lengthening of time (GPS, muons), but its little brother Sello, the contraction of longitude.
Question for the forum (Ofer?)
The first postulate of relativity states:
"The laws of physics do not change when moving from one inertial frame of reference to another inertial frame of reference. Thus, for example, a person in a sealed train car cannot, through any experiment or physical measurement, determine whether the car is moving at a constant speed or standing at rest."
What about the cosmic background radiation? Doesn't it constitute a complete inertial system? If, for example, an observer measures his speed relative to the background radiation through the red and blue deviations, isn't he able to know his speed relative to the earth whose speed relative to the radiation is known to him beforehand?
Thanks to the cuckoo clock: Tok Tok.
Likewise for defining an absolute distance unit "the absolute meter". Regarding the distance, the illustration of moving the bar is much simpler and clearer in relation to time.
What's more, trying to sever the connection between time and space will change the whole concept of time-space.
Yossi Simon
If you mean "absolute time" then my recommendation is that you discuss it with the (disappeared) commenter Israel Shapira. He says he is conducting experiments to test this.
In previous discussions - in which Machel Rothschild also participated - MR's answer was that it would not be possible to measure such a time, because the measurement relies on a previous measurement and determination, so that a situation was created that the absolute time would always be higher than the measured time and as a result it would not be possible to synchronize the clocks Let them measure the absolute time.
Miracles! It is true that time as it is now defined is the partner of distance.
In my question I mean that we will define "absolute time" after an initial measurement, we will disconnect from the relationship between time and distance (or other) by building an absolute time bar. And if the distance changes, the currently defined time will also "lengthen", but we can measure the degree of lengthening according to the ruler we built, the independent "absolute time ruler" that no longer depends on any physical object.
Yossi Simon
"Second" is such a "normalized" unit. If a body falls from a height of 5 meters, it will take one second until it hits the ground (approximately). They did the same for the other units, such as meter and kilogram.
Time is really relative. Let's take GPS satellites for example. Because of their enormous relative speed, we see their clocks as slower than ours, but the satellites see our clocks as slower! The situation is more complicated, because the gravity at the height of the satellites is lower, which causes the clocks there to run faster - but the situation is not symmetrical and this acceleration is not relative.
If we don't fix these changes, the GPS system will be very inaccurate!
An interesting episode about the man if anyone wants to see:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1Y7AYq8JVI
"It follows from this that time is also a relative thing, and it lengthens (that is, slows down) as we approach the speed of light"
The "human" time is usually a time determined by measuring physical movement.
Is it possible to normalize a "unit" time unit of "1" once. Suppose we drop an object from one floor and it is arbitrarily determined that from now on the measured time will be called "normalized time 1". Now we will completely disconnect the unit from physical time. And physical time will refer to the normalized time.?
Education for tolerance and democracy should be promoted, according to Einstein's character. That is, emphasis should be placed on the humane and suffering values in Judaism (privileges for the weak and immigrants, as well as preservation of the environment). Evolution will gain sympathy with a museum that will explain it with dinosaur models and fossils.
Visionaries founded Israel, prophets like Herzl who was a playwright, or Weizmann who was a scientist. Einstein could identify with this vision, provided that the rights of the Arabs are not harmed. As for Israel, culture, science and industry will secure our future. Cities like Eilat, Tiberias or Safed, need research and industrial institutions to Stay relevant. Do not rely only on turnover!