Futuristic transportation - the speed of light 2: do the laws of physics allow it

In the second part examines which will push the boundaries of theoretical physics The article was published in Issue 7 of the Cultural Affairs Journal - correct

For the first part of the series

A spaceship leaves the galaxy. Illustration: depositphotos.com
A spaceship leaves the galaxy. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Possible solutions

למרות האמור לעיל, ברצוני להציע בזהירות הראויה פתרונות פיזיקליים, המתיישבים עם הידע הפיזיקאלי הקיים, לשתי הבעיות: בעיית "המכונית המעופפת"; כלומר, מנוע המאפשר תנועה בשלושה צירים, הלא הוא המנוע היחסותי (מושג שיוסבר בהמשך). וכן, פתרון לבעיית התנועה במהירות העולה על מהירות האור במסגרת תורת היחסות הכללית; פתרון המתבסס על שינוי המטריקה (יוסבר להלן) באזור נתון של המרחב-זמן.

The Relativity Engine

  • Special relativity

תורת היחסות הפרטית היא תיאוריה של מבנה המרחב-זמן. התאוריה הוצגה בשנת 1905, במאמרו המפורסם של איינשטיין, "על האלקטרודינמיקה של גופים בתנועה". תאוריה זו הייתה תוצאה של תצפיות אמפיריות ושל חוקי האלקטרומגנטיות, אשר גובשו באמצע המאה התשע-עשרה על ידי מקסוול, בארבע המשוואות הדיפרנציאליות המפורסמות שלו, שהובאו לצורתן הנוכחית על ידי אוליבר הביסייד. אחת ההשלכות המרכזיות של משוואות אלה היא כי אות אלקטרומגנטי נע במהירות האור c. תוצאה זו הובילה את החוקרים להאמין כי האור הוא גל אלקטרומגנטי. תובנה זו שימשה מאוחר יותר את אלברט איינשטיין לגבש את תורת היחסות שלו אשר Guess Because the speed of light c in a vacuum is the maximum allowed speed in nature.

Maxwell's equations. Illustration: shutterstock
Figure 1: Maxwell's equations. Illustration: shutterstock

על פי תורת היחסות אין חפץ, מסר, אות (גם אם לא אלקטרומגנטי) או שדה שיכול לנוע מהר יותר ממהירות האור בריק. מכאן נובעת תופעת ה "פיגור" –  אם מישהו, שנמצא במרחק R ממני, משנה משהו, אין לי אפשרות לדעת על כך, לפני שיעבור זמן ה "פיגור" שערכו שווה למרחק חלקי מהירות האור.

To illustrate, if we assume that the sun has disappeared at this moment, how long will it take us to notice it? The answer can be calculated in the following way: the distance between the earth and the sun is: 149.6 million kilometers (see Figure 1), the speed of light in space is: 299,792,458 meters per second. Thus, the lag time in this case is about 8.3 minutes.

  • Newton's laws

חוקי התנועה של ניוטון הם שלושה חוקים פיזיקליים, אשר יחדיו מניחים את היסודות למכניקה הקלאסית. הם מתארים את מערכת היחסים בין גוף, הכוחות הפועלים עליו, ותנועתו בתגובה לאותם כוחות. שלושת חוקי התנועה נוסחו לראשונה על ידי אייזיק ניוטון בספרו המפורסם, "עקרונות מתמטיים של פילוסופיית הטבע", שפורסם לראשונה בשנת 1687:

First Law: An object remains at rest or continues to move at a constant speed unless a commensurate force is applied to it.

The second law: in an inertial frame of reference (that is, not accelerated), the sum of the forces acting on the object is equal to the mass of that object m multiplied by the acceleration vector. (assuming the mass itself does not change).

The third law: when one body exerts a force on a second body, then the second body, at the same time, exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the first body (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: Newton's third law. Illustration: depositphotos.com
Figure 2: Newton's third law. Illustration: depositphotos.com

According to the third law, the total force in a system unaffected by external forces is, therefore, zero. This law has many experimental verifications, and seems to be one of the cornerstones of physics. However, in light of the previous discussion, it is clear that the action and the reaction to it cannot occur simultaneously, because of the finite speed of signal propagation; Hence, the third law is not true in an exact sense, although it may be accurate enough for most practical applications; And this, due to the high speed of signal propagation. Therefore, even the total power in the system cannot reset at any given time.

  • propulsion systems

מערכות ההנעה של ימינו מבוססות על יחסים בין שני חלקי מערכת חומרית. כל תנע שמקבל חלק אחד הוא שווה והפוך לתנע שנרכש על ידי החלק השני. דוגמה טיפוסית של סוג זה של המערכת הוא טיל אשר פולט גז כדי להניע את עצמו. התנע של הטיל שווה לתנע של הגז הנפלט בדיוק. רוב המערכות הנעות פועלות על תווך – מכונית נעה קדימה, ובו זמנית מפעילה כוח על הכביש ו"דוחפת" אותו לאחור. גם מטוס דוחף אוויר לאחור. יוצא דופן הוא הטיל, שהודף לאחור את הדלק הרקטי, לכן ניתן לנוע בעזרתו גם בחלל החיצון שם אין מה לדחוף.

It is common to think that in the absence of an external factor, the total forces in the system will be zero, and the system will not change its motion. However, the above relative considerations make it possible to propose a new type of engine. Let's look at a system of current loops (Figure 3):

Figure 3: Two current loops. Courtesy of Prof. Asher Yaholom.
Figure 3: Two current loops. Courtesy of Prof. Asher Yaholom.

הכוח בלולאת זרם נוצר על ידי שדה מגנטי הקיים בלולאה והזרם הזורם בלולאה. השדה המגנטי הוא תוצאה של הזרם הזורם בלולאה עצמה, אך גם של זרמים בלולאה אחרת. כמו כן, הלולאה המקורית גם היא יוצרת שדה מגנטי בלולאה האחרת, ולכן פועל כוח בין שתי לולאות, כוח שכיוונו נקבע על ידי כיוון הזרם בלולאות. במקרה הסטטי (וה"כמעט" סטטי), הכוח, שמפעילה לולאה אחת על חברתה, שווה בגודלו והפוך בכיוונו לכוח שמפעילה השנייה על הראשונה, בהתאם לחוק השלישי של ניוטון. משמעות הדבר היא ששיקול הכוחות במרכז המסה של המערכת צריך להיות אפס. הדבר שונה, כאשר הזרמים משתנים בזמן, מכיוון ששדה מגנטי, הנוצר על ידי לולאה אחרת, אינו יכול להגיע לולאה המקורית במהירות העולה על מהירות האור, ולכן אין הלולאה מקורית יכולה להרגיש בשינוי באופן מידי. יחד עם זאת, בלולאה האחרת, שינוי הזרם גורם לשינוי כוח מידי. נניח שבזמן t=0 יש שינוי בזרם בלולאה 2 – הכוח בלולאה 2 משתנה באופן מידי, אבל הכוח בלולאה 1 לא ישתנה בזמנים קצרים המקיימים t<T. המשמעות היא שסכום הכוחות הפועל במרכז המסה אינו יכול להיות אפס, שהרי הכוח על לולאה 2 השתנה בעוד הכוח הלולאה 1 נשאר בערכו הקודם. האפקט מודגם באיור 4:

(I)

(Ii)

(Iii)

Figure 4: (i) Before the change in the total power current is equal to zero. (ii) for a time period τ the total force is different from zero. (iii) After a sufficiently long time the total force is again zero in the system.

חישוב מתמטי מדויק של שקול הכוחות, המבוסס על ההכללה של חוק ביו-סברט לחישוב שדות מגנטיים עבור שדות תלויים בזמן שעשה ג'פמנקו[1], leads to the formula[2] which links the force in the center of mass to the changes in the currents.

From the formula it is clear that if the rate of change of the current is not large enough, the total power in the system will be negligible. Therefore, it is necessary to switch current at a very high speed, in order to obtain a significant total power.

It is also possible to replace one of the loops with a permanent magnet[3]. A relativistic motor with a permanent magnet is depicted in Figure 5:

Figure 5: A magnet (in blue) with a current loop (in red), the axis of symmetry is the z axis
Figure 5: A magnet (in blue) with a current loop (in red), the axis of symmetry is the z axis

Two sections of the system are depicted in Figure 6:

Figure 6: xy section and xz section of the system.

It can then be shown that there is a force at the center of mass of the systems described above, and therefore these systems are actually a new type of electromagnetic engine, a relativistic engine. That is, it is an engine without moving parts that operates according to the principles of relativity.

  • conservation of momentum

In a relativistic engine, the principle of conservation of momentum is apparently hidden. A naive observer would see the material body gaining momentum created out of nothing. On the other hand, a sophisticated observer will understand that the amount of momentum that matter accumulates is balanced by the momentum that the electromagnetic field receives[4]. Neter's theorem (formulated by the great German-Jewish mathematician Emma Neter) dictates that any system with copy symmetry will conserve momentum.

Indeed, the physical system, which includes matter and field, is symmetric under copying, but each subsystem (matter or field separately) is not symmetric under copying. This phenomenon was already described by Feynman[5]. פיינמן מתאר שני מטענים הנעים במאונך זה לזה. חישוביו מראים שהחוק השלישי של ניוטון  מופר, מאחר והכוחות שמפעיל מטען אחד על השני לא שווים בעוצמתם (והפוכים בכיוונם). פרדוקס זה נפתר על ידי פיינמן בכך שהוא מראה כי התנע, שנרכש על ידי מערכת המטענים, מאוזן על ידי התנע של השדה. הסתירה לכאורה נפתרת, אם כן, על ידי הרחבת החוק השני לחוק שימור התנע המוכלל. חוק זה קובע כי מה שנשמר הוא התנע של המערכת הפיזית, הכוללת גם את החלק של החומר וגם את החלק של השדה. כך, החומר יכול לנוע קדימה, כאשר הוא "דוחף" את השדה האלקטרומגנטי אחור.

  • Conservation of energy

The principle of conservation of energy is not hidden in the relativistic engine, which requires a supply of energy for its operation. However, the engine does not require the supply of material fuel for its operation, and it is possible to use solar energy (photovoltaic cells), batteries or electromagnetic alternatives (Rectenna). Calculations show[6], that in order to operate a relativistic motor, of the type depicted in Figure 6, an electromagnetic energy six times greater than the kinetic energy provided to the motor is required. That is, apart from the energy of movement, energy is required to drive the currents inside the motor; And this, even before taking into account energy losses due to electrical resistance or due to friction of the vehicles in its vicinity.

  • Inherent problems and the loaded relativity engine

In the unloaded reciprocating motor, such as the one depicted in Figure 6, a constant change in current is required to produce constant power. It is clear that it is not possible to increase the current without limit, and at some point the increase in the current must be stopped and then the power in the motor is reset; Furthermore, maintaining a constant speed also requires a constant change in current; That is, even to maintain the speed a constant increase in the current is required; Which is not possible, so the only way out is a complete stop of the vehicles. Of course, it is possible to raise and lower the current in a cyclical manner, and get a movement similar to the movement of the piston in an internal combustion engine; However, in order to turn such a movement into a linear movement, it is necessary to transfer momentum to the road (as every standard car does), thereby effectively losing the engine's triaxial movement ability; That is, the ability to fly. This problem can be overcome with the help of a loaded relativistic engine[7], which differs from the relativistic motor shown in Figure 6, in that it contains an electric charge (see for example Figure 7).

Figure 6: xy section and xz section of the system.
Figure 6: xy section and xz section of the system.

Figure 7: An example of a charged relativistic motor The positive charges are described by the + sign and the negative ones by the - sign.

Such a motor is able to maintain a constant speed even when the current is constant. Its notable disadvantage is the amount of electrical charge required, which means a large charge density in any reasonable volume, and therefore, also dangerous electrical breakdown. An engine of this type, which produces reasonable momentum and does not cause electrical breakdown, should be very large, and therefore the speed obtained will also be low; Since the large volume also means a large weight, and as we know, the speed is equal to the division of the momentum by the weight.

  • Summary

The conclusion is that it is possible to build an engine based on the principles of relativity and the laws of electromagnetism. This engine has the following features:

  • Allows movement of 3 axes (including vertical), therefore suitable for a flying car.
  • No moving parts
  • Zero fuel consumption
  • Zero carbon emissions
  • Needs electromagnetic energy only (which can be provided by solar panels)
  • is an ideal solution for space travel, because today a significant part of the mass of the spacecraft is dedicated to fuel
  • Very effective. In principle, the kinetic energy of the engine can be converted back into electromagnetic energy and stored in the battery (as is partially done today in hybrid vehicles)

Currently, the engine is still weak for practical use, but there are research directions to improve it. Among other things, we considered making use of the very high charge densities that exist at the atomic level[8].

Movement at a speed exceeding the speed of light

A spaceship flies at supersonic speed. For now only in science fiction. Illustration: depositphotos.com
A spaceship flies at supersonic speed. For now only in science fiction. Illustration: depositphotos.com

הדעה המקובלת היא שתנועה במהירות העולה על מהירות האור עומדת בסתירה לעקרונות תורת היחסות, ולכן, במידה ותורת היחסות נכונה, תנועה כזאת היא בלתי אפשרית. לכן, גם מסע בין כוכבים, כפי שמתואר בסרטי העתיד הרחוק בקולנוע ("מסע בין כוכבים", "מלחמת הכוכבים", "חולית" וכו') אינו אלא דמיון בלבד.

The reason for this is that from the equations of motion of the theory of special relativity it can be seen that the acceleration of a particle of finite mass to a speed close to the speed of light requires very high energy, while the acceleration of such a particle to the speed of light requires infinite energy. Since we do not have infinite energy, a particle cannot be accelerated to the speed of light, and certainly not to a speed that exceeds it.

Note that the photon (the particle of light) is massless, and therefore moves at the speed of light. Also, light particles, such as the electron, can be accelerated to a speed very close to the speed of light (98% of the speed of light), in modest accelerators, such as the one found at Ariel University.

Another interesting question is related to particles that initially are at a speed higher than the speed of light. From studying the equations of motion, we will find that in such a case infinite energy would be required to lower their speed below the speed of light. That is, movement above the speed of light is possible, but the transition between the domains is impossible; That is, it is impossible to turn a particle moving at a speed higher than the speed of light into a particle moving at a speed lower than the speed of light, and vice versa.

עיון במשוואות התנועה מגלה שהסיבה נעוצה במבנה של המרחב זמן הבא לידי ביטוי בגודל מתמטי המכונה "מטריקה". לקורא, חסר הרקע המדעי, נסביר שגודל זה הוא למעשה הסיבה לשונות של הזמן מהמרחב בטבע. המטריקה המקובלת בתורת היחסות הפרטית היא המטריקה שקרויה על שם המדען ההולנדי המפורסם לורנץ. בספרות המדעית, נהוג להתייחס למבנה הנתון של המרחב זמן כאקסיומה; כלומר, הנחת יסוד שאינה נגזרת מתוך הנחות קודמות.

In an article published in 2008[9], it became clear that special relativity can be strengthened (in the sense of reducing the number of assumptions required for the development of the theory) by not presupposing a Lorentz matrix, but allowing for a general matrix, and checking the stability of the various matrices under the equations of general relativity (Einstein's equations) . It turns out that of all the possible matrices, only the Lorentz matrix is ​​stable under vacuum conditions or low material density. This analysis explains why space and time are actually different, and the appropriate metric for describing space-time is the Lorentz metric; But, on the other hand, there is no need to assume this metric dogmatically.

In fact, there is an indication that at the time of the big bang, when the density of matter was high, there was movement at speeds exceeding the speed of light; Which resulted in thermodynamic equilibrium, as is evident from the distribution of the types of matter in nature (mainly helium and hydrogen), and from the unusual uniformity of the cosmic background radiation. That is, in the beginning the metric was not Lorentzian, but apparently rather Euclidean (named after the ancient Greek geometrician Euclid) - this metric does not distinguish between space and time, and allows movement at a speed that exceeds the speed of light.

At the theoretical level, the question of whether there is a material distribution that supports a stable Euclidean metric is an open question, but let's assume for a moment that the answer to this question is positive.

If the answer is positive, a spacecraft can be described as operating as follows: First, it accelerates to a speed close to the speed of light. So, with the help of another engine, it changes the distribution of matter, so that a Euclidean metric environment is created, in which it can go from a speed lower than the speed of light to a speed higher than the speed of light without difficulty. At this point, the engine used to change the shutter can be turned off, and continue at a speed that exceeds the speed of light in normal space-time, and even accelerate. Let's recall that the principle difficulty is only to pass the speed of light, in a space controlled by a Lorentzian matrix, but there is no principle difficulty to accelerate, once we have passed this speed. A more technical description of this situation is described in the scientific literature[10].

Of course, many questions arise about this case: for example, what will happen to the structure of matter when space-time becomes Euclidean, and can biological beings survive such a transition? These questions are additional to the more basic questions - is it technologically possible to produce a Euclidean transformation that will allow spaceships to move faster than the speed of light and humans to reach the stars?

time will tell.


[1] Jefimenko, OD, Electricity and Magnetism, Appleton-Century Crofts, New York (1966); 2nd edition, Electret Scientific, Star City, WV (1989).

[2] Miron Tuval & Asher Yahalom "Newton’s Third Law in the Framework of Special ‎Relativity" Eur. Phys. J. Plus (11 Nov 2014) 129: 240 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/i2014-14240-x. (arXiv:1302.2537 [physics.gen-‎ph]).‎

[3] Asher Yahalom "Retardation in Special Relativity and the Design of a Relativistic Motor". Acta Physica Polonica A, Vol. 131 (2017) no. 5, 1285-1288. DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.131.1285.

[4] Miron Tuval & Asher Yahalom "Momentum conservation in a relativistic engine” Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 374. DOI: 10.1140/epjp/i2016-16374-1.

[5] RP Feynman, RB Leighton & ML Sands, Feynman Lectures on Physics, Basic Books; revised 50th anniversary edition (2011).

[6] Shailendra Rajput, Asher Yahalom & Hong Qin "Lorentz Symmetry Group, Retardation and Energy Transformations ‎in a Relativistic Engine" Symmetry 2021, 13, 420.

[7] Rajput, Shailendra, and Asher Yahalom. 2021. "Newton’s Third Law in the Framework of Special Relativity for Charged Bodies" Symmetry 13, no. 7: 1250. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13071250

[8]  A. Yahalom "A Nano Relativistic Motor" in preparation.

[9] Asher Yahalom "The Geometrical Meaning of Time" [“The Linear Stability of Lorentzian Space-Time” Los-Alamos Archives – gr-qc/0602034, gr-qc/0611124] Foundations of Physics http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10701-008-9215-3 Volume 38, Number 6, Pages 489-497 (June 2008).

[10] Asher Yahalom "Gravity and Faster than Light Particles" Journal of Modern Physics (JMP), Vol. 4 No. 10 PP. 1412-1416. DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2013.410169.  Pub. Date: October 31, 2013

The author: Asher Yaholum, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University in Samaria * The article was published in Issue 7 of the Cultural Affairs Journal - correct

to the first part of the article (published at the same time)

More of the topic in Hayadan:

Comments

  1. For a wave, you can also send a laser from the earth to the moon and move it on the surface of the moon in a straight line supposedly faster than the speed of light but that's just an optical illusion

  2. Humans will only be able to move at the speed of light and cheaply when they become digital and move through space as information with the help of a laser. So the concept of time is not important either and 100,000 or 4 light years will not mean much to a digital person

  3. The scientists do not understand one simple thing, if you want to fly at the speed of light,,, you have to be light, there is no other option.

  4. I have a theory, riding gravity waves.
    The farther the source of the gravitational wave, the higher the speed of riding on it and can even exceed the speed of light.
    The idea is to understand how to associate an object with one gravitational wave at the expense of another.

  5. Sorry for the editing problems in my previous comments (probably going through Notepad didn't help them

  6. Legel: No mechanical disturbance in a rod progresses faster than the speed of sound in it, which is much lower than the speed of light. That is, until the man on Mars notices the movement, his phone friend will be able to tell him what he is going to see in quite a long time...

  7. לגל, האנרגיה שאתה מעביר למוט תעבור בו במהירות הקול במוצק, שהיא נמוכה בהרבה ממהירות האור. אם הצלחת לדחוף אותו 5 ס"מ בתוך עשירית שניה, הרי שהקצה שקרוב אליך מספיק אלסטי כדי לאפשר את זה, וגל הדחיסה ימשיך לכיוון מאדים והשרידים הלא מובחנים שלו (כי יש ספיגת אנרגיה במוט) יגיעו למאדים בתוך כמה חודשים, או שהמוט פשוט קרס איפשהו קרוב אליך, ואז שום דבר לא יגיע למאדים.

  8. wave,
    The rod is made of atoms as soon as you move the extreme atom the electric field that attracts the neighbor will transmit a pulse to the neighbor at the speed of light that will come along with it and so on (double the number of atoms) the speed of the atom by the way is less than the speed of light. Calculating the attraction of the atom in an electric field is a quantum question. In short, the signal will arrive slower than the speed of light.

  9. Since it has been proven beyond any doubt that there are aliens who have been visiting the earth for a long time, and as someone who has watched such a spaceship, I have no doubt that there is a sense in things and that the electro-magnetic world will go on and develop, maybe not in our century, but the next century for sure

  10. A question for readers, and those interested,
    Let's put a rigid and straight rod between Mars and the Earth.
    Assume for the purpose of the experiments that Mars and the Earth are not in motion.
    קצה המוט A שבצד כדה"א מונח על השולחן , הקצה השני B במאדים מונח שם על שולחן.
    מזיזים את קצה המוט על כדה"א נינח 5סמ לכיוון מאדים.
    The man on Mars moves the pole back.

    Questions
    1. The rod was moved in a time of say 0.1 second, much faster than the speed of light round trip from Mars to Earth, is this possible?
    2. If so, then is it possible to transmit information much faster than the speed of light?
    3. I would be happy to receive answers on the subject.

  11. אשר יהלום לפחות חושב על העתיד. יש כאלה שהכל ברור להם ורק נותר לאכול סנדוויץ'.

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