The age at which women give birth is increasing, partly due to the increase in the age of marriage, which is also probably due to investment in higher education * In a data collection published by the Central Bureau of Statistics on the occasion of International Women's Day 2014, data was also provided on women's education in Israel: the median age of women who studied for a bachelor's degree was 24.7 years compared to 26.4 among the men; The median age among the women who studied for a master's degree was 30.7 years compared to 31.6 among the men; The median age of students studying for a PhD was similar for both sexes - about 34 years.
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On the occasion of International Women's Day 2014, the Central Bureau of Statistics published a collection of data on the situation of women in Israel. Among other things, data are detailed on the state of education in general and higher education in particular for women in Israel.
Demographic characteristics
• At the beginning of 2013, 2,933,200 women aged 15 and over lived in Israel (the number of women of all ages was 4,031,100). The population of men aged 15 and over is 2,800,000 (the number of men of all ages was 3,953,400). The share of women aged 65 and over among all women was 11.6% and the share of men at these ages was 9.2%.
• Approximately 166,130 women gave birth during 2012. The average number of children a woman in Israel is expected to give birth to during her lifetime (total fertility rate) is 3.05, higher than that of the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - 1.70.
• The age at which women give birth is increasing, partly due to the increase in the age of marriage. In 2012, the average age of women who gave birth to their first child was 27.3.
• 51,271 women got married in 2011; 46,145 of them (about 90%) married for the first time, the average age of the women who married for the first time was 25.0. For comparison, in 1995 the average age was 23.4 years and in 1980 - 22.4.
• The average age of marriage in the first marriage of Jewish (25.9) and Christian (25.1) brides was higher compared to Muslim (21.7) and Druze (23.4) brides.
• The scope of divorce in Israel is increasing. In 2011, 13,460 women got divorced. For comparison, in 2003, 10,689 women divorced. The average age of divorced women in 2011 was 38.1 (37.2 in 2003). Among the Jewish couples who married in Israel in the years 1971-1968, 7% divorced before the end of 8 years of marriage, among those who married in the years 2000-1998, 13% divorced before the same number of years of marriage.
Life Expectancy
• Life expectancy at birth in 2012 was 79.9 years among men and 83.6 years among women, unchanged compared to life expectancy among men and women in 2011.
• Life expectancy increased from the end of the seventies of the 20th century (1975-1979), until 2012 by 8.7 years among men and 8.9 years among women. In the last decade, life expectancy increased by 2.4 years among men and 2.1 years among women.
Family and residence
• In 2013, approximately 1,039 thousand women aged 15 and over were mothers of children up to the age of 17 (37% of women aged 15 and over). 90% of these mothers lived with a partner. The rest, about 109 thousand women, headed single-parent families.
• A higher percentage of Arab women are mothers of children up to the age of 17, compared to Jewish women
(about 46% and 35% respectively).
• A higher percentage of Jewish mothers with children up to the age of 17 head single-parent families, compared to Arab mothers (about 11% and about 8% respectively).
• About 9% of women live in Gefen (about 253 thousand women), compared to about 7% of men, similar to previous years.
The percentage of Jewish women living in Gefen (about 10%) is greater than the percentage of Arab women living in Gefen (about 3%).
• At age 65 and older, the percentage of women living alone is 3 times greater than the percentage among men (32% versus 12%).
Working
• The participation percentage of women aged 15 and over in the Israeli workforce (the workforce includes employed and unemployed) reached 2013% in 58.2. Among men the percentage was 69.4%.
• The percentage of unemployed women in the workforce reached 2013% in 6.2. Similar to the percentage of unemployed men.
• 66.7% of all women employed in 2013 usually worked full-time (35 hours or more per week) and 33.3% usually worked part-time (less than 35 hours per week). Among the men, on the other hand, 86.6% of the employed usually worked full-time and 13.4% usually worked part-time. Of the women who usually worked part-time, 14.8% worked part-time involuntarily, that is, they looked for full-time or additional work but did not find it. Of the men who usually worked part-time, 11.9% did so involuntarily.
• About 11 thousand women gave up looking for work in 2013. They made up 51.7% of all those who give up.
• The participation rate of married mothers in 2013 was 72.9%. 76.3% among mothers of one child, 78.3% among mothers of 2 children and 55.9% among mothers of 4 or more children. The participation rate of single mothers was higher than that of married mothers: 77.6%. The percentage of unemployed among single mothers is also higher than among married mothers - 8.4% versus 5.9% respectively.
• 91.0% of the employed women are hired compared to 84.2% among the men.
• The number of tenants who receive their wages through personnel companies (including personnel contractors who are not subcontractors) reached approximately 22.4 thousand in 2013, and their share of all employees who receive their wages through personnel companies reached 50.0%, compared to the share of renters among all employees which was 48.7%.
Occupation
• In 2013, the share of employed women among academic professionals reached 57.2%. In 2013, the share of female managers from all managers reached 32.6%.
• 96.0 thousand women worked in the high-tech field in 2013, and they make up 35.6% of all those employed in this field.
• Examining the manual workers at a more detailed level shows that in 2013, about 30% of women were employed in traditional female manual labor: nurses in households, sellers in wholesale or retail businesses, secretarial workers, accountants, childcare workers, primary school teachers, Teacher assistants, teachers in post-primary education and early childhood educators. In each of these trades, women make up more than two-thirds of those employed in the trade.
Welfare
The data are about the women registered in the social services departments, according to selected characteristics, from the 2012 basic data file of the Ministry of Welfare and Social Services.
• In 2012, there were approximately 730 women registered in the social services departments, which make up approximately 54% of all those registered. This percentage is higher than the percentage of women in the general population (50.5%).
• The rate of those registered in social services departments is higher among women than among men (181 per thousand women compared to 156 per thousand men).
• The percentage of women aged 65 and over registered in social services departments is 2 times higher than their share in the general population (24% versus 12% respectively). The ratio is even greater among women aged 75 and over (approximately 3 times).
• 69.4% of the women registered in the social services departments have a defined need (similar to men, 67%). The most common need (about 33%) among all women and men with a defined need is "malfunctioning of parents or children/youth" (which includes, among other things, education and behavior problems, malfunctioning of the father/mother, problems in the relationship between parents and children, marriage problems ), and it is also the most common among women in all age groups except 65 and older. The most common need among men aged 25 to 64, on the other hand, is "poverty, difficulties in income and employment".
• The second most common need among women is "old age" (about 25%), and among men the second most common need is "poverty and difficulty of income" (23%). The third most common need among women is "poverty and income difficulties" (about 22%) and among men "medical reasons and disabilities" (about 20%). About 15% of the women have "medical and disability" needs and about 4% of them have "violent" needs.
Education
Eligibility for a matriculation certificate
Eligibility rates for a matriculation certificate are higher among girls than among boys: in 2012, the rate of receiving a matriculation certificate among 65th grade students reached 53% among girls compared to 52% among boys. The percentage of those meeting the threshold requirements of the universities, who are the potential candidates for higher studies, was also higher among the girls and reached 44.5% of the girls compared to XNUMX% of the boys.
The gap between girls and boys is greater in Arab education. Matriculation eligibility rates among 62th grade students in Arab education were 43% among girls and 65.5% among boys, compared to 56% and XNUMX%, respectively, in Hebrew education.
The percentage of those meeting the threshold requirements of the universities reached 44.5% among the girls in the Arab education compared to 31% among the boys, compared to 54.5% among the girls compared to 48% among the boys in the Hebrew education.
Higher education
• In 2012/13, 309.5 thousand students studied in Israel,[1] of which 176.6 thousand were women (57.1%). In 1969/70, women made up less than half of the students (43.3%). On the other hand, in 1989/90, women constituted a majority (52.4%).
• In 56.5, the percentage of women among bachelor's degree students was 59.9%, among master's degree students - 52.1% and among third degree students - XNUMX%.
• The percentage of women among the students in the universities and the open university was 55.6%, in the academic colleges - 52.6% and in the academic colleges of education - 79.7%.
• The fields of study in which the highest percentages of women were found were auxiliary medical professions (83.2%) and education and training for teaching (80.7%). Conversely, the lowest rates of women were in the physical sciences (38.1%), mathematics, statistics and computer sciences (28.8%) and engineering and architecture (27.1%).
• The median age of the women who studied for a bachelor's degree was 24.7 years compared to 26.4 among the men; The median age among the women who studied for a master's degree was 30.7 years compared to 31.6 among the men; The median age of students studying for a PhD was similar for both sexes - about 34 years.
• The percentage of women among the Jewish students was 55.7%, a lower percentage than that among the Arab students - 67.8%.
• Among Arab students, there are differences in the proportion of women according to religious affiliation: 69.1% among Muslims, 64.1% among Christians and 63.7% among Druze.
• Among students who lived in localities with a high socio-economic level (clusters 10-8), women made up 53.8% and among those who lived in localities with a low socio-economic level (clusters 3-1) their rate was higher - 66.5%. It seems that the main reason for this is that most of the Arab students live in these communities.
• Among the localities where more than 100 students lived, the proportion of women was the lowest in the localities of Alon Shavut (40.8%) and Nahalim (39.3%) and the highest (over 78%) - in the localities of Jaljulia, Basmat Tivon, Mashhad, Kfar Kasem and Tel Sheva.
