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Astrophysics

Multiverse - parallel universes. From Wikipedia

What is the Hemolyteverse?

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Following the new Marvel movie "Doctor Strange in the Dimensions of Madness" which takes place in the Multiverse, I decided to break down in a short article the meaning of parallel universes and the reasons to believe in their existence. In my opinion, science surpasses any imagination, including Marvel's imagination.
The report's authors suggest launching a large telescope to study planets outside the solar system, similar to the one developed by NASA that would use a shadow to block light from a distant star to facilitate the study of planets around that star. NASA/JPL

Astronomy's wish list for the next XNUMX years: Big money, bigger telescopes and the biggest question in science

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Every ten years since the XNUMXs, astronomers and astrophysicists in the U.S. have gathered to compile a list of priorities for means and instruments. These surveys require scientists to think about priorities
What do planets outside our solar system look like? A variety of options are shown in this figure. Scientists discovered the first planets in the 2022s. As of 5,000, there are just over XNUMX confirmed planets. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Milestone: NASA confirms 5,000 planets outside the solar system

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Given the hundreds of billions of planets in the Milky Way alone, "it's inevitable that we'll find some form of life somewhere"
A simulation of a star system that was supposed to include the black hole closest to us, but in the end it was clarified that there is no black hole. Photo: ESO

A system in which the "closest black hole" is allegedly found does not include a black hole

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In 2020, a team led by astronomers from the European Southern Observatory (ESO) reported the closest black hole to Earth, which is only 1000 light years away. But other researchers have disputed their results. After further observations from the ground and from space, both the original researchers and their critics came to the conclusion that there is no black hole
Distant galaxies. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Scientists reveal 4.4 million galaxies in new map

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"These data represent a significant step forward in astrophysics and can be used to search for a wide range of signals, from nearby planets or galaxies to faint signatures in the distant universe." the researchers write
Matter and even entire stars fall into a black hole. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Astronomers think they've spotted an 'invisible' black hole for the first time

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Holes were able to detect a black hole that matter does not fall into or is not part of a binary system, thus it is not exposed to the eye and to almost any other instrument * Some telescopes that are under construction or ready to be used will be able to detect such individual black holes on a daily basis
This image allows us to see the dense dusty regions of space where star formation occurs. G. Li Causi, IAPS/INAF, Italy, CC BY

On the occasion of the launch of the Webb Space Telescope: the five most exciting telescope images of the universe

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Astronomers rarely use their telescopes just to take pictures. The images in astrophysics are usually created by a process of scientific inference and imagination, the visual expression of which is sometimes an artist's impression of what emerges from the data but there are also some gems that are photographed directly
Gravitational waves. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Discovering dark matter: New clue from mysterious clouds around swirling black holes

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Very light boson particles are a new type of subatomic particle that scientists have proposed as a compelling possibility for dark matter. But these very light particles, if they exist, are difficult to detect because their mass is very small and only rarely do they create interactions with other matter, this is one of the important properties of dark matter
It is a complex picture of X-rays, molecular gas and hot ionized gas near the center of the galaxy. The orange shapes are glowing hydrogen gas. One of these shapes, at the upper end of the jet (see an illuminated image below) is interpreted as a hydrogen cloud that was hit by the jet and moved outward. The jet disperses the cloud into tendrils that move towards the north. Further down near the black hole are X-ray observations of highly heated gas in blue and molecular gas in green. These data are evidence that the black hole is occasionally accreted by stars or gas clouds, and is ejecting some of the very hot material along its axis of rotation. Credit: NASA, ESA, and Gerald Cecil (UNC-Chapel Hill); Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)

The Milky Way's supermassive black hole is still humming long after a burst of powerful 'death rays'

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The Hubble Space Telescope photographed a bright knot of gas hit by an invisible jet from the black hole, which is only 15 light years away. The black hole must have looked bright billions of years ago as a quasar, when our young galaxy was fed by lots of infalling gas. But after all this time the black hole is acting sporadically, unwilling to take a nap
V Representation of the evolution of the universe over 13.77 billion years. The far left shows the earliest moment we can study today, when a period of "inflation" created a burst of exponential growth in the universe. (The size is shown by the vertical proportion of the grid in this drawing). Over the next billion years the expansion of the universe gradually slowed down as the matter in the universe was pulled towards itself by gravity. Recently the expansion began to accelerate again as the repulsive effects of dark energy became dominant in the expansion of the universe. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

The Uneven Universe: The Expansion of the Universe and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity

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Cosmological calculations almost always assume that there is a uniform distribution of matter in the universe. This is because the calculations would be too complicated if they included the location of each and every star. In reality the universe is not uniform: there are places with stars and planets, and in other places there is only empty space.
Artist illustration of a super-Earth-type planet. Credit: NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle

Can there be extraterrestrial life in the neighbors? Looking for planets around Alpha Centauri

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NASA's Breakthrough Initiative, Saber Astronautic, and JPL have announced Project Tolliman, a project to find out whether the nearest stars have planets that could support life
Detailed view from the previous photo: a closer look at the jet. Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Bally (University of Colorado at Boulder) Processing: Gladys Kober (NASA/Catholic University of America)

Hubble discovers a pulsating jet of stars in the Running Man Nebula that stretches over 18 trillion km in space

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Generally, the flow of such a jet coming out of a young star will only be seen when it collides with material around it, and creates bright shock waves that disappear when they cool, so they are difficult to observe
A solar sail that the STARSHOR project wants to use to send tiny spacecraft to Proxima Centauri. STARSHOT project photography

Umuamua: Not said to be extraterrestrial, but Umuamua was probably not a nitrogen glacier

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Prof. Avi Leib claimed following the discovery of the first bone that arrived clearly outside the solar system that it was an artificial bone; In early 2021, other scientists proposed the claim that it was a nitrogen glacier that broke away from a planet in formation in another solar system. Leib and his research partners published a response paper arguing that there is not enough nitrogen in the galaxy to sustain such objects. The debate continues.
A black hole swallows its companion star. Illustration: shutterstock

Two gravitational wave events within 10 days: black holes have been discovered that eat neutron stars - "like Pac-Man"

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The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) in the US and the Virago Gravitational Wave Observatory in Italy captured the gravitational waves from the death spiral and merger of a neutron star with a black hole, not once but twice. The findings were recently published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

The quantum mechanics of black holes

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A black hole is a mysterious celestial body. Einstein's theory of relativity taught us a lot about black holes, but many question marks remain about what goes on inside. It is likely that the picture will become clearer as soon as a quantum theory of gravity is discovered, but until then we will content ourselves with the collision of quantum mechanics and general relativity around the event horizon. In this chapter we will discuss the paradox that arose from this collision, the multitude of published solutions and the fascinating developments of the past two years
This is what planet TOI-421 b might look like. TOI-421 b is a sub-Neptune-sized planet orbiting a Sun-like star about 244 light-years from Earth in an orbit similar to that in which Mercury orbits the Sun. TOI-421 b is considered a clear atmosphere without haze and clouds. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA and D. Player (STScI)

NASA's Webb Space Telescope to be launched in December is ready to reveal secrets of the most mysterious planets in the galaxy

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NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is designed to pick up the haze surrounding warm sub-Neptune planets—planets that range in size from Earth to Neptune, but orbit their suns closer to the orbits of Mercury.
A composite image showing some of the types of fossil-like specimens formed by chemical reactions that can be found on Mars. Credit: Sean McMahon, Julie Cosmidis and Joti Rouillard

Life on Mars - or simulated fossils?

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A black hole with a warped disk. Credit: John Paice

A strange black hole with a massive distortion in its accretion disk has been discovered

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An international team of astrophysicists from South Africa, the UK, France and the US have found a large variation in the brightness of light seen around one of the closest black holes in our galaxy, 9,600 light-years from Earth, and they conclude that it is caused by a massive distortion in its accretion disk
This is the previous image to which Godzilla's outline was added. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Godzilla Nebula: 'Monstrous' star-forming region discovered by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope

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Just like clouds on Earth, clouds of gas and dust in space can sometimes look like familiar objects, or even like characters from popular movies
An artist's rendering of a "hot Jupiter" planet in another solar system. Credit: NASA, ESA, and L. Hustak (STScI)

Scientists have measured the atmosphere of a planet in a solar system 340 light years away

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Using the Gemini South telescope, with an instrument called IGRINS, the team observed the planet's thermal glow as it orbited its host star. From this instrument they gathered information about the presence and relative amounts of various gases in its atmosphere
galaxy. Illustration: depositphotos.com

The origin of fluorine is in young galaxies in the early universe

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Like all the elements that exist on Earth, fluorine also has a cosmic origin. Now, an article published long ago in the scientific journal Nature Astronomy sheds some light on this

A breakthrough for an alternative model for dark matter

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Researchers from Prague published in the prestigious journal Physical Review Letters an alternative model for dark matter based on MOND that succeeds in predicting the existence of the cosmic background radiation. This is a significant achievement that the MOND model has so far failed to explain, and for this it has received most of the criticism against it. the price? Two new fields in Teva. The authors of the article hope in the future to prove its existence with the help of the model's unique fingerprints on the gravitational waves.
Image of GW Orionis, a triple star system with a mysterious gap in the dust rings that surround it. The UNLV astronomers hypothesize that there is a massive planet in space, which could be the first star ever discovered orbiting three stars. The left image, provided by the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array Telescope (ALMA), shows the ring structure of the disk, with the innermost ring separated from the rest of the disk. The observations in the right image show the shadow of the innermost ring on the rest of the disk. The UNLV astronomers used observations from ALMA to build a comprehensive model of the star system. Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), ESO/Exeter/Kraus et al

Astronomers may have discovered the first planet to orbit three stars

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The potential discovery of a planet with a triangular coffee orbit has implications that strengthen our understanding of how planets form
Quasar. . Illustration: depositphotos.com

Some of the missing matter of the universe has been found thanks to the Very Large Telescope

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The scientists thus discovered some of the missing baryons of the universe, and confirmed that 80-90% of the normal matter is found outside galaxies, an observation that will help to expand the models of galaxy development.
The top left image is a radio image from 1997. The lower left is a photo of the same spot from 2017, where the new radio source is clearly visible. The image on the right is a visible light image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, where you can see the galaxy where the supernova occurred (photo: from the study). Courtesy of the Hebrew University and Tel Aviv University

Double cosmic cannibalism - a huge explosion in space shed light on an astronomical mystery

A new international study with the participation of researchers from Tel Aviv University and the Hebrew University confirmed for the first time the existence of the phenomenon of "double cosmic cannibalism" - a rare phenomenon in which a star swallows a compressed object such as a black hole or a neutron star, and the object in turn "devours" the core of the star. The end of the destructive process in a huge explosion in the center of which apparently remains a black hole
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