Dr. Yahyam whistles

The daughters of Shiloh are generative in the vineyards. The illustration was prepared using DALEE and is not a scientific image

Ancient Jews Music 36: The generators who are repressed due to male control

During the period of the Mishna and the Talmud, that is, the second-fourth/fifth centuries AD, women's dances disappeared at social events. It is possible that the leaders of the generation were behind the absence of the female dance. That is, Sages
Classical female dance in the ancient Greek style with women in colorful clothing. The image was prepared using DALEE and is not a scientific image

Ancient Jews Music 35: The Post-Biblical Period, Dance 2

Victory dances and worship in the post-biblical period - a look at cultural and religious phenomena in the historical landscape
Women dance a traditional dance during the Second Temple period. The image was prepared by DALEE and is for illustrative purposes only, and is not a scientific image

Am Yisrael song 34, the dance parade

Dancing in the Bible: an external expression of inner feelings and experiences, from manifestations of worship to victory in battle
Heavenly music. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael sings 33: heavenly music

Music in ancient times was not only a means of pleasure as it is today but also had mystical and heavenly effects.
The amphitheater in Caesarea. From Wikipedia

Distribution of prizes for second and third place in the Olympics - Herod's idea

Over the course of hundreds of years, a wreath of olive leaves was given only to the winners of the Olympic sports, who also received considerable funding from the cities that represented, until about a decade before the end of the first century BC King Herod held games
Actress Yael Sharoni in the role of a mourner in the series "The Jews are Coming". Screenshot

Ancient Jews Music 31: Mourning customs

The Mishna ruled that among the husband's duties to his wife was the concern for her burial, and "even a poor man in Israel, no less than two flute players (we used to be flute players) and a mourner (at least one)" (Mishna Ketubut 4:XNUMX)
Pan flute player in the Hellenistic period. Credit: The Science website via DALEE. It should not be seen as a scientific picture

Ancient Jews Music 30: The wind instruments

Continuation of the review on the various musical instruments that were used in the temple at the end of the Second Temple, with Greek influence
A harp player from the time of the Bible. Credit: The Science website, via DALEE. The image is for illustration only and should not be considered a scientific image

Ancient Jews Music 29: harp and violin: the musical instruments and an examination of their development

In this chapter we will review the development of stringed instruments
An orchestra from the Second Temple period. The image was prepared using the artificial intelligence software DALEE 2 and should not be considered a historical image.

Am Yisrael sings 28 - the musical instruments in their historical development

In this chapter, regarding its various sections, I would like to emphasize the following points: distinction between the musical instruments in the Bible and those of the period under discussion and the various consequences thereof; the extent of the influence of Greekness and Hellenism on musical instruments;
Wooden figures depicting a klezmer band in Krakow, Poland. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Ancient Jewish music 26: Discoveries of Jewish secular music

In the Jewish music after the Holocaust, signs of Greek-Hellenistic and Roman influence were embedded, and from it various aspects emerge as a result of the involvement of sages
Ancient Greek culture. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Ancient Jewish Music 25: Jewish music in the Diaspora

The Jews in the Greek-Hellenistic space were more involved in everything related to Greek customs that penetrated Judaism such as the hemansion and especially music
A statue of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael sings 24: Even in ancient times, Jewish music was influenced by Greek music

It has already been mentioned several times the brave connection forged between Greek and Hellenistic philosophy and music - the Pythagorean school that attributed a supreme moral value to music, the Platonic school that insisted on the relationship between music and nature
An ancient harp player dressed in Roman clothes from the first century on the steps of the amphitheater in Caesarea. Produced using Dali 2. Idea: Avi Blizovsky

Am Yisrael Sher 23: The sand song and its playing and the social aspects involved (b)

King Herod sought, in accordance with Roman policy, to integrate the Jewish kingdom under his leadership into the global culture of the Roman-Hellenistic Empire
The Roman amphitheater in Beit Shean, a musical convention site. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael Sher 22: The sand song and its playing and the social aspects involved (I)

Compared to the countless sources concerning the music in the temple, there is little information about the sand music, and yet the research brings up interesting things
A reading embedded in the Torah. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael sings: the music in the synagogues

Reading motivated by the Torah and prayers was an important, immanent element, in imparting the Torah and midrashes and Sages went into the depth of the importance of the Na'ima which served as an important means of sharpening the memory and flourished from the Mishna period onwards
The remains of the ancient synagogue in Capernaum, from the fourth or fifth century AD. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael sings 20: the musical layers in the synagogue in their historical development

The beginning of the institution of the synagogue is rooted in the gatherings of the people in the temple in the days of Ezra the scribe and the reading of the Torah from his mouth. At first, the gathering was intended for Torah reading, while the liturgical element was added later, such as midrash and Torah study.
shofar. The only remnant of Temple music. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael Sher 19: The transition period - the main thing is to sing with the mouth or with an instrument?!

Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, who moved from Jerusalem to Livna and made major changes in religious practice after the Holocaust, is also responsible for the disappearance of the vocal music of the Temple, and the transition of only vocal music to the synagogues,
The Dead Sea Scrolls written by members of the Essene sect. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael Sher 17: The special role of music in the circle of the Essenes

Male Yael in the Negev. Image: depositphotos.com

Ancient Jews Music 16: The music of the temple is organized in connection with the holidays (Third) - the Shofar

The shofar that stars on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur was a central instrument among the wind instruments in a temple. next to the trumpets. He was converted from his previous roles as an announcer of important events - coronations of kings and wars and became
Cohen blows his trumpet. Next to him on the steps of the temple are the rest of the musical instruments. Image: depositphotos.com

Ancient Jews Music 15: The connection between the temple and the holidays in the light of music (b)

The music in the temple was an important element in the celebrations of the three pilgrimages, with the many pilgrims who arrived in Jerusalem
The famous relief on the Gate of Titus in which the temple vessels looted from the Temple in Jerusalem appear. On the right side - the trumpets. Image: depositphotos.com

Ancient Jews Music 14 - The connection between the temple music and the holidays (a)

One of the cardinal areas that highlighted the image of the second temple was the pilgrimage three times a year. The Ascensions, both as a framework and as a means, in which the many areas of the people's attachment to his temple were expressed and revealed.
The treasures of the temple are immortalized on the Gate of Titus in Rome. From Wikishare

Ancient Jews Music 12: Those who blow the trumpet and the shofar

We have already discussed the importance of the body known as "the funeral cadets". We will point here to another body called "the flowers of the priesthood". The flowers of the priesthood took a particularly prominent place in the issue of Yom Kippur, because in this ceremony
Harp with 4 strings on a coin from the days of the Ben Khosba rebellion (Bar Kochba)

Ancient Jews Music 11: The Levites the musicians - music and status

The thing that stands out in the traditions is that singing in the temple was an inseparable part of the actual work, from the work of the temple to the point of distinction because even "singing" is-is "work". This work, it should be noted, has an established origin
A model of Jerusalem from the Second Temple period in the Israel Museum (formerly in the Holyland) - in the center - Herod's temple. Photo: depositphotos.com

The People of Israel sings 10 Part II The musical officials in the Temple are Greek inspired

In the past we pointed to the important family element found in the temple's musical system. This phenomenon was common in neighboring Egypt and Mesopotamia. So much so that it took shape towards the establishment of musical guilds with a family foundation.
A harp from ancient Egypt. Variable number of strings. Illustration: depositphotos.com Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael Sher 10 Part I: Musical instructions of the period

From harp and violin, through bells, trumpets and of course up to trumpets - each instrument had special instructions during the Second Temple period
harp. Illustration: depositphotos.com Soyuz launcher on the launch pad in Baikonur, Kazakhstan. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Ancient Jews Music 9: Temple music, its uses and accessories, the sacrificial work and its meaning

In the second temple in Jerusalem, sacrifices were made, twice a day, for the peace of the emperor and the peace of Rome, as a practice that spread from the time of the emperor Augustus onwards - a period corresponding to the reign of King Herod) and was associated with bravery in music, in the way
The model of the Second Temple. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael sings 8: the days of Herod and Agrippa - the music reaches its peak

During the time of the last Jewish kings, the Roman government rarely interfered with the internal affairs, therefore an orderly continuation was possible with regard to the Temple and within it - the musical management
Musicians in ancient Greece. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael sings 7: The contribution of the Maccabees to music in the Temple

The music customs in the temple during the Maccabean and Hasmonean times are under Greek influence
Illustration: depositphotos.com

Am Yisrael sings 6: Temple music is organized and institutionalized

In this chapter I will review the development of temple music from the end of the days of Ezera and Nehemiah until the outbreak of the Maccabean rebellion
Gathering of pilgrims at the entrance to the Second Temple. Illustration: shutterstock

Am Yisrael sings 5: musical instruments and their superiors

The music in the temple on the days of Shibat Zion went through several incarnations while changing from loud-rhythmic music to mixed and pleasant music
The Temple and the city walls of Jerusalem are being rebuilt. During the construction of the foundations of the Second Temple, God is praised through music and singing (Ezra 10:12-XNUMX). Unknown artist. Illustration: shutterstock

The people of Israel sang 4: And he built a musical temple

The Second Temple was characterized by musical accompaniment to the hymns of praise, and musical ceremonies intended for the pilgrims
An Israeli stamp from the XNUMXs dedicated to the Ascension of Ezra and Nehemiah. Photo: shutterstock

Ancient Jews Music 3: The return of Zion and the contribution of Ezera and Nehemiah to the renewal of music in the Temple

In this chapter I would like to highlight the special and significant contribution of the captains of the return to Zion - Zerubbabel ben Shealtiel and Yehoshua ben Yehozedek (516-538 BC) and especially that of Ezra and Nehemiah (432-458 BC) in all
Miriam's Song, painting by James Tissot. Public Domain. From Wikipedia

Am Yisrael Sing II: vocal and holistic music

Holistic and vocal music occupied a very important place in the biblical period and it is a matter of emphasis - the absence of a prominent and unique connection to worship specifically. The poetry that was common was secular and it included songs of sand, wine, feasting and debauchery. Here
The Olympic flag during the Vancouver Winter Games, 2010. From Wikipedia

Olympics: the story of five rings

Celebrations of singing and music upon the completion of the construction of the Second Temple. The painting is based on what is written in Sefer Ezera, Chapter 10, 12-XNUMX. Unknown painter. Photo: depositphotos.com

"Am Yisrael Shar" 1: Introduction and prelude - music in the ancient period

This series deals with music and the historical foundations woven together in the fabric of both general and vocal music from the return of Zion to the fourth century AD, where next to the question: what they sang, what they played and on what instruments, the reference stands out
Remains of shops including fish ponds uncovered in the tower (from Wikipedia)

AI economy 34 and last - the fishing industry

The Roman policy aimed at increasing the productive forces resulted in more and more Jews becoming landowners; An intensive economy has developed and spread over everything involved; Inhabiting villages and towns with Jews; Industrial production centers were absorbed
A cow in an anemone field in the north of the country. Image: depositphotos.com

The economy of AI 32: a rude beast and even encouraging idolatry

From the rebellion of Ben Kusva onward, many factors worked to cultivate the whole issue of the rough animal and its use for the production of meat and dairy products and leather.
A combined flock of sheep and goats in the pasture. Photo: depositphotos.com

Economy AI 31: Grazing "thin animals" - goats and sheep

The economy in the Roman period also included raising meat, fat animals (cattle) and thin animals (sheep). They too were required to give them as a tax to feed the large Roman forces that were staying here
Map of the Roman Empire at its peak, 117 AD. Photo: depositphotos.com

AI economy in antiquity 29: taxes and duties

Until the time of the emperor Hadrian (138-117 CE) we witness the reality of tax tenants who were responsible for collecting the taxes. Whereas from then on imperial officials were appointed who were subordinate to Rome and were responsible for
Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. From Wikipedia

The economy of the Land of Israel: taxes and commitment to royalty - angria and liturgy

The "angria" mentioned in sage sources means - the duty of man and animal for postal work (cursus publicus, transport and some activity for the authorities. The peasants mainly suffered from this hardship because sometimes they would work their animals until
The status of the audience in Jerusalem in ancient times. Illustration: depositphotos.com

the egg or the chicken? Reflection between holidays

What came before what - the "Hagg" in the opening score, or the "Hagg" in the Kametz score? The first - discusses a celebration, a time of joy on the occasion of a certain event and the second a somewhat geometric action, that is - drawing a circle, circle, circle
By G.dallorto - Own work, Attribution, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1336844

Economy AI 27: Tironia - the tax of the Jewish "novices" in the Roman army

The obligation to provide recruits-novices for the Roman army, and not for the police units, rests on the village as a whole, and that the amount paid by the population makes it clear that it is intended to finance equipment and supplies for the village's novices and not for
Zodiac mosaic - Beit Alpha Synagogue - sixth century

Hebrew calendar. is that so?

Today's Hebrew calendar is actually the Babylonian calendar. In the days of the First Temple, the months were called by names such as Eitanim and Bol
An ultra-Orthodox prays at the Western Wall on Tisha B'Av. Photo: shutterstock

Pepper dates * Were the two temples destroyed on Tisha B'Av?

Coin "Judah the second captive" after the suppression of the great rebellion. From the collection of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem

AI Economy in Antiquity 24: The Jewish Tax

The cache of silver coins found in the mansion house from the Hasmonean period. Photo: Assaf Peretz, Antiquities Authority

AI economy in the Roman period 22: The tables - money changers

The ancient lighthouse in the port of Acre. Photo: Image by Ri Butov from Pixabay

AI Economy in Antiquity 20: Ports and Markets