Using the classical photoelectric effect, Einstein proved in 1905 that light also has particle properties. But when it comes to a wavelength of only 13 nanometers, and a high radiation power of petawatts (10 to the power of 15 watts) per square meter, something else happens
Using the classical photoelectric effect, Einstein proved in 1905 that light also has particle properties. But light of a very high intensity, causes miraculous things to happen. This is what scientists from the Physiklich Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and colleagues from the Desi Institute in Hamburg discovered, with the help of the Laser Flash - the large free electron laser for X-rays. Current models based on Einstein's idea are simply described as follows: if a photon has enough energy, it can knock an inner electron out of an atom.
But when it comes to a wavelength of only 13 nanometers, and a high radiation power of petawatts (10 to the power of 15 watts) per square meter, something else happens, at least with a certain type of atoms: in the atoms of the material xenon, when you send a packet of light waves, it causes a huge number of inner electrons to be ejected. This effect depends directly on the type of material, and not only on the power of the stimulating radiation, as was thought in the past. The research that is now published in the journal Physical Review Letters has implications for experiments that will take place in X-ray laser facilities around the world.
The scientists actually wanted to develop methods to modulate X-ray lasers according to radiation levels. They excited different types of gases to strengthen the laser power from the ionization effect. The goal was to modulate the laser so that it could, for example, do lithography in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light. This type of lithography with a wavelength of only 13 nanometers is considered the technology of the future in the production of the smallest computer chips.
But during the experiments with Flash, the free electron laser in Hamburg, which enables, among other things, extreme ultraviolet lithography, the scientists unexpectedly made discoveries that undermine the foundations of physics.
With the help of the photoelectric effect, a single light particle (photon), with a sufficiently large energy that collides with an atom causes the emission of a single electron. This process, which demonstrates the quantum structure of light, can be calculated using Einstein's equations. At very high intensities, multi-photon ionization can also occur, a process in which an atom of a material is bombarded with packets of photons and this causes the atom to emit several inner electrons at the same time.
But these theoretical models fail to explain soft X-ray processes such as those occurring in laser flashes. According to the experiments, the nature of the material and the bonds between the electrons in the atoms also affect the excitation levels.
Research in this area will serve as an important basis for future experiments in the large X-ray laser facilities that are about to be built in the USA, Japan and Europe.
15 תגובות
gift,
Not sure I understand what you mean. What experiment? A scanning electron microscope, for example, causes secondary and other electron excitations from the surface close to it, and this is how you get an image.
A penetrating electron microscope diffracts within the material and thus obtains diffraction images.
But where does the microscope "intervene" in the experiment?
fresh:
At the time I saw a segment from What the Bleep do we know and I stopped when the nausea overwhelmed me.
I don't know if the section that Shai brought appears there (it doesn't seem to me because already from the film it is clear that consciousness is not necessary and the idea of the film is based on the illusory need for consciousness but as mentioned - I only saw a section).
This video, in any case, seems relatively fine to me.
Are you really really sure it's part of this movie?
It turns out that the electron microscope interferes with the experiment and causes the wave to collapse
By scanning the sample with an electron beam
Wikipedia is full of many errors and mistakes, anyway.
The video on YouTube that I linked to is from the movie "What the Bleep Do We Know" which aims to link science and spirituality and was made by the people of the "New Age" it is riddled with errors and inaccuracies in the facts presented in it.
http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4
Yes, I tried to make it clear to Shay that "consciousness" is not necessary for the wave function to collapse. All that is needed is a tool that can measure values of the tested parameter - energy, position, etc.
Shay and Oren:
In order not to get the wrong impression, I would like to clarify:
There is no need for a human observer.
Even if a measuring device is placed where no one will observe the results of its measurements - there will be a collapse of the wave function.
The last user is me
gift,
This is clear - any process that gives you some indication of measurement then there is a collapse of the wave function.
If you are not able to see the results when watching, then you are not affecting the wave function.
For example, if the results can only be seen using an electron microscope, then looking in the direction of the experiment with the naked eye will not affect the result.
Like Schrödinger's cat - awareness that the cat is in the box and is alive or dead will not affect its condition until you actually open the box and see the result - and only then does the wave function collapse.
About the video http://www.youtube.com/watch?gl=US&v=DfPeprQ7oGc
There is not enough information about the viewer that causes the wave to collapse
Was the viewing done at the atomic level or normal viewing?
If the observation process (testing at the atomic level) then actually an additional force is applied which causes the wave to collapse.
And if it is normal viewing
Does the person's level of awareness of the experiment cause the collapse
Will the viewing of her life and not Adam also cause the collapse of the wave
This experiment as presented is full of holes like cheese
Avi Blizovsky
You should check the translation
Yael Petar
Did you translate the article in your sleep or were you just lazy?
Here is a nice video that demonstrates the topic in animation -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?gl=US&v=DfPeprQ7oGc
(You can also click on my name)
can I ask a question?
If both the photon according to the photoelectric effect and the electron are one-dimensional particles; And so the photoelectric effect claims, so how can they collide and be engulfed?
Yawn, who's pushing news on a Friday night
A little respect to sit... -