Shmuel Hanhardai

Ancient Palmyra, Syria. The competition between it and Neharda led to the destruction of the Jewish city. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Nehardea Chapter 4 and Final: The Destruction of Nehardea Between Persia and Palmyra: Who Really Destroyed the Babylonian Center of Torah?

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The article re-examines the identity of Papa bar Netzer, rejects the identification with Odintus of Palmyra, and suggests that the destruction of Nehardea in the third century CE was the result of a Palmyra invasion motivated by economic and competitive motives.
Mesopotamian ziggurat in Iran. Illustration: depositphotos.com

Neharda, Chapter 3: Shmuel – Neharda’s Stargazer

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How did Nehardea become the city and mother of the Jews of Babylon, and what is the relationship between Samuel the Amora, Babylonian astronomy, an ancient ziggurat, and mysterious comets?
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