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The article re-examines the identity of Papa bar Netzer, rejects the identification with Odintus of Palmyra, and suggests that the destruction of Nehardea in the third century CE was the result of a Palmyra invasion motivated by economic and competitive motives.

Based on "Jewish Antiquities" as a single source, the rebellion of the Nehardea brothers is examined in the context of the weakness of the Parthian kingdom, the possible financing mechanisms (including suspicion of taking over the half-shekel money), and its implications for the Nehardea community.