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Biomolecular Sciences

Internal structure of a frozen chloroplast. The image provides a glimpse of the organelle membranes and the arrangement of the photosynthetic proteins on their surface. Photographed with a cryogenic scanning electron microscope

from darkness to light

Will a better understanding of the process of photosynthesis help to grow plants under artificial lighting?
The dedicated gardener: Kif2a protein deficiency led to wild growth of nerve fibers in the skin of adult mice (right), while in mice without the protein deficiency the nerve endings were carefully nurtured (left)

Painful but less

Weizmann Institute of Science scientists have discovered a protein that regulates pain sensitivity throughout life
Right: the opening (red) of the phagophore (green) remains narrow thanks to the coordinated activity of two protein clusters. Left: The opening widened after the scientists reduced the action of the valve that is responsible for closing it

open a little mouth

This is how you maintain a balanced diet of the autophagy organs - the self-eating mechanism in our body cells that removes waste and strengthens our health
Antibody engineering. Illustration: depositphotos.com

humanize the messenger

An algorithm developed by the institute's scientists heralds a leap forward in the field of humanizing antibodies and may enable the rapid, efficient and cheaper development of new drugs. The key: stability
The molecule that carries with it a message of regeneration You are here Homepage > Publications > Science news in a friendly language > There is something new under the nerve Share tags Michael Feinzilbermike Feinzilber molecular neurobiology biomolecular sciences nervous system nerve cells communication between nerve cells Like geckos regrowing their tails, the nerve cell extensions in the peripheral nervous system also know how to regenerate after an injury. Unfortunately, the nerve cells of the central nervous system, i.e. the brain and spinal cord, have a much more limited ability to regenerate. Accordingly, diseases that lead to the degeneration and death of nerve cells in the brain, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and ALS, are irreversible and incurable. What exactly gives the peripheral system - the one that connects the brain and the spinal cord to the body's organs - an increased capacity for regeneration? A new study by Weizmann Institute of Science scientists reveals that a protein, which until now has only been observed during embryonic development, has a key role in the regeneration of mature nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system. When embryonic cells differentiate into adult cells, the composition of the proteins they produce changes. In the case of nerve cells, it was common to think that a decrease in the levels of a protein called PTBP1 in embryonic cells is a key part of their transformation into mature cells of the nervous system. Previous studies have even shown that upon completion of the differentiation process and the transformation of the embryonic cells into mature nerve cells of the central nervous system, the production of the protein stops altogether. In recent years, these findings have led research groups to try to reproduce this process in the laboratory: to lower the PTBP1 protein levels in cells that are not nerve cells and thus produce mature nerve cells from them. The hope was that it would be possible to apply this method to patients with neurodegenerative diseases and to produce new nerve cells for them. From the right: Dr. Rinat Nebo, Dr. Natalya Okladnikov, Dr. Agustina Di Physio, Philip Freund, Dr. Ida Rischel, Prof. Michael (Mike) Feinzilber and Pierluigi Di Matteo However, in a new study, led by the researcher PhD candidate Dr. Stephanie Alber and doctoral student Pierluigi Di Matteo from the research group of Prof. Michael (Mike) Feinzylver in the Departments of Biomolecular Sciences and Molecular Neurobiology at the institute, it was surprisingly discovered that the PTBP1 protein is expressed not only in embryonic cells that have not yet undergone differentiation, but also in mature nerve cells - although not nerve cells of the central nervous system, but yes of the peripheral one. The researchers discovered this completely by accident, while studying processes in the sciatic nerve of mice, nerves that leave the spine and reach the foot. The original experiment carried out by the researchers was aimed at finding molecules that regulate the rate of production of another protein called KPNB1 - "postcarriage" - responsible for carrying most of the messages transmitted from the distant extensions of the nerve cells to the cell nucleus. Among its other functions, the KPNB1 protein is responsible for signaling to the cell nucleus that a nerve branch is injured, so that the cell can regenerate it. However, before the mail car can set off and carry messages from the branches to the nucleus, the cell is required to launch messenger RNA molecules that contain the "recipe" for the production of the mail car in the opposite path (from the nucleus to the branches). On the way or when arriving at the destination, other molecules may bind to the messenger, delaying or speeding it up and thus controlling the rate of production of the mail car. The surprising discovery in the new study was that not only was PTBP1 present in the mature cells, but it also bound tightly to the messenger RNA of the mail car. But does and how does it affect its production and the regeneration of nerve cells? "Tens of millions of people around the world suffer from diseases that lead to the degeneration and death of nerve cells in the brain. In order to understand why the central nervous system fails in its attempt to regenerate after an injury, we must first understand how the peripheral nervous system succeeds in doing so." To answer this question, the scientists followed the nerve cells' response to the injury and noticed that after three days the levels of PTBP1 in the cell began to rise and within A week they reached record levels. With the increase in PTBP1 levels, the researchers noticed that the nerve cell extensions begin to regenerate. Sequencing the messenger RNA molecules that bound to PTBP1 after the injury revealed that the protein binds not only to the messenger RNA molecules of the mail car, but also to other proteins that play a role in nerve regeneration. Dr. Stephanie Alber To continue investigating the activity of PTBP1 in adult cells, the researchers removed it from the cells through genetic engineering, and showed that as a result, the regeneration of nerve cells of the "alarm receptor" type - cells whose role is to transmit a sensation of pain in response to a harmful stimulus that could damage the tissue - was impaired. The scientists also examined whether silencing the gene had additional effects and discovered that it increased the sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and heat. In an attempt to deepen the understanding of how PTBP1 affects the regeneration of nerve cells, the researchers examined whether it also affects another protein, RHOA - an important "control switch" in the process of differentiation and regeneration of nerve cells. When the RHOA protein is produced at high levels, it acts as a sort of off switch that inhibits cell growth. The researchers discovered that PTBP1 suppresses the production of the control switch in the extensions of the nerve cells, thus enabling their growth and regeneration. These findings strengthen the possibility that the production of PTBP1 in peripheral nerve cells is what enables their efficient regeneration, unlike in the central nervous system. Sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system in culture.

There is a new one under the sadness

The molecule that carries with it a message of regeneration
The oxygen revolution left its geochemical record in the iron deposits in the earth's mantle and rocks

The oxygen before the oxygen revolution

By tracing the evolution of proteins, Weizmann Institute of Science scientists have charted the history of oxygen availability on Earth and solved a long-standing scientific puzzle
Reprogrammed cells: beta cells that produce insulin (marked in green) and their "relatives" - delta cells that produce somatostatin (marked in red). Reprogrammed cells often contain two nuclei (marked in blue) - evidence that they are originally exocrine cells. Prof. Michael Walker's lab, Weizmann Institute

Turn his skin cell?

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On a natural barrier that interferes with the reprogramming of pancreatic cells
Confocal microscopy image of sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system in culture (the cells and their extensions are marked in red). You can see in the neurons a combination of colors (blue-red-green) created as a result of marking the cell nuclei in blue and marking the transcription factor c-Fos in green. The scientists discovered that c-Fos is introduced into the nuclei by means of importin alpha-3 (the blue markings around - nuclei of other types of cells that are also in the culture)

A new approach to the development of chronic pain treatment

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The evolution within the evolution. Illustration: Maya Shleifer

The evolution within the evolution

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On the way to the ancestors of the cells: in the presence of RNA, the primitive peptide leads to the separation of an event (like the separation of oil droplets in water), which enables self-assembly and the creation of a configuration of a kind of primitive "compartment"

The building block of the first proteins was discovered

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Mouse T cells containing nanobubbles (red) that were secreted by the bilaterian

What does the worm want?

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La Rinconada in the Peruvian Andes. One of the hardest places to live in the world (Axel PITTET - Expedition 5300©)

panic for oxygen

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Blood test to detect the risk of lung cancer. Hekra and Ira - Dr. Tamar Paz-Elitzur

The smoking gun of DNA

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A venomous cone in action. Quickly and efficiently eliminates fish, worms and other bystanders that peck in its path

The snail's bite

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Structure of a protein molecule. Illustration: shutterstock

Protein: advantage and disadvantage

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Dr. Maria Louisa Romero-Romero and Prof. Dan Toufik. Time travel. Photo: Weizmann Institute spokesperson

Following the first proteins

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An atomic model of two subunits in the cellulosome of the bacterium Clostridium thermocellum. The golden spheres mark the positions of the fluorescent tags that helped to analyze the dynamic reactions between the subunits

Fiber-enriched fuel

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In genetically modified mice, which lack the importin alpha-5 protein (right), the MeCP2 molecule (in red), which affects anxious behavior, remains outside the nucleus (in blue) of the nerve cells in the brain, and does not penetrate into it as in normal mice (left). Computer processing of an image that was taken using a confocal microscope. Weizmann Institute

There is no entry for anxiety

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Macrophages (in green) and axons (in red) in brown fat tissue. Photographed using two-photon microscopy. Source: Weizmann Institute magazine.

The surprising role of the "big gluttons" in preventing obesity

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Comparison between computer models (in green) and experimental structures (in purple). Accuracy at the single atom level in both the overall structure (left) and the loop segments (right). Source: Weizmann Institute magazine.

A computerized method for the production of artificial proteins

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Photo from a malaria vaccination project in the Solomon Islands. Source: Jeremy Miller, AusAID, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Flickr.

I know you from where?

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Diagram of a catalase-type protein. Source: Wikimedia / Vossman.

How is protein born?

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Illustration of acetylcholinesterase. Source: pdb101.

between calculation and delay

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Nerves. Source: MR McGill / flickr.

to the end of the cell and back

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From the right: Prof. Ed Beyer, Yonit Ben David, Dr. Sarah Morais, Dr. Barkat Dessa and Malina Shemshum. From the right: Prof. Ed Beyer, Yonit Ben David, Dr. Sarah Morais, Dr. Barkat Dessa and Malina Shemshum. Photo: Weizmann Institute Spokesperson

Me and my cellulose

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