Is the universe full of exiled black guys? Discovery of a black hole kicked out of its galaxies may shed light on the subject and also the unsolved enigma of unidentified X-ray sources
Massive black holes are, so far we believed, at the center of most large galaxies. But in a galaxy far, far away, astronomers have found a giant black hole that appears to be in the process of being ejected from the galaxy at high speed. This very fact was recently discovered by Marianne Heide, a student at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands. This discovery was confirmed by an international team of astronomers who claim that the black hole was kicked out of its galaxy by the merger of two smaller black holes.
Heide discovered the strange object called CXO J122518.6 144,545 during her undergraduate project while researching at the SORN Institute for Space Research in the Netherlands. To make the discovery, she compared hundreds of thousands of randomly selected X-ray sources with the locations of millions of galaxies. X-rays are able to penetrate through the clouds of gas and dust surrounding the black holes, with the bright source appearing as a star-like point. The object was indeed bright, but it was not in the center of the galaxy.
Supermassive black holes can easily weigh more than a billion solar masses. So how can such a heavy object be thrown from the galaxy at such high speeds? Astronomers say the expulsion can take place under special conditions, when two black holes merge. The merging process creates a new black hole. Models run on supercomputers suggest that the large black hole created as a result of the merger was shot out at high speed, depending on the direction and speed with which the two black holes were spinning around each other during the collision.
The team of astronomers therefore estimate that there are many outcast black holes out there. "We found even more X-ray sources of the strange kind," says Hida. "However, we need precise measurements from NASA's Chandra space telescope to locate them more easily."
If these objects are not migrating black holes, the other possibilities are either a type IIn blue supernova or a ULX - extremely bright X-ray sources that also shine in the visible range.
Discovering more exoplanet black holes could provide a better understanding of the characteristics of black holes before they merge. In the future, astronomers hope to even observe the process using the planned LISA satellite, which will be able to measure the gravitational waves emitted by the two colliding black holes. Further studies will provide further insight into how supermassive black holes are formed.
For the news in Universe Today and the reference to its sources
33 תגובות
anonymous:
Is this a reasonable question to ask just after reading an article about a black hole not at the center of the galaxy?
Are there black holes that are not inside the center of the galaxy?
Yehuda,
I hope you don't forget to mention the following important points in your lecture about the idea of pressure differences as a substitute for gravity:
1) The idea is not original, and it was first put forward by Descartes, who, unlike you, also bothered to base his theory on mathematical equations. The mathematical foundation, which of course also included predictions about the orbits of the planets, allowed Newton to prove that the whole idea is wrong, and the predictions do not correspond to reality.
2) In your theory there is no mathematical foundation, therefore there are no quantitative predictions, therefore you can get any result you want.
3) According to your theory, you can add as much pressure as you want to get the desired movement. As I remember your main criticism of the existing theories is exactly this: "Physicists add as much dark mass as they want to justify the existing formulas."
4) The idea of the pressure difference, which according to you also explains the distance of the galaxies, completely contradicts the general theory of relativity, which states that the distance of the galaxies is a result of the expansion of the universe itself, and not the movement of the galaxies from a high pressure area to a low pressure area.
5) The pressure difference idea is based on your assumption that subatomic particles behave exactly like gas molecules on Earth, according to the same formulas, and you ignore the fact that subatomic particles behave according to quantum mechanics and not according to classical physics
Good Day
Good old Sabdarmish gets better with time.
Lectures both for and against the dark mass, which guarantees that in the summation of all your lectures, only 50% of your words (at most) will be wrong.
Liron and others
I do not agree that Professor Milgrom's MOND theory is correct and I never said so, my opinion is completely different.
Below are the dates for my lectures:
17.6.2010 Dark essay - about everything that leads to the thought that it exists
15.7.2010 Dark energy and dark thoughts - the beginning of doubt in the determination of dark mass and energy
29.7.2010/XNUMX/XNUMX An alternative solution to the movement of the spiral galaxies - all the possibilities for a mathematical solution will be explained - about ten possibilities, and by the method of elimination we will give up the few possible solutions.
All lectures are held at the Observatory in Givatayim on Thursdays at 21:30 p.m
You should be updated before the lecture regarding the possibility of a change, on the website of the Israeli Astronomical Society
http://www.astronomy.org.il/joomlafimal/
Everyone is invited and in my humble opinion also to the first lecture in which I will try to be the most sympathetic advocate for the dark mass
And... maybe I'll convince myself?
with a smile,
And a good week
Sabdarmish Yehuda
So now we have to look for black holes outside galaxies. Maybe there is enough to explain the missing mass instead of dark matter.
She's not right
Yehuda. Since I also do not believe that there is dark matter - I would be happy if a date for the more original lecture was announced and I see it as an advertisement. If my father does not see this as an advertisement - I have already heard your explanation in the style of modified gravity, but not why it is true.
Yehuda, thanks for the additions
Some repairs
In order for a spiral galaxy to move as it does, most of its mass should be concentrated in the surrounding gas clouds, only in this way is it able to maintain a high speed of its outer rim. This invisible mass is most likely a dark mass.
A few millions or billions of solar masses in a small area in the center of the galaxy (a black hole or just a large mass) has almost no effect on the motion of the galaxy that dissolves hundreds of billions of solar masses.
This must be the accepted explanation resulting from the application of the known and accepted gravitation formulas (Newton-Einstein) in the spiral galaxies
On Thursday 17.6.2010 I am going to give a lecture at the observatory in Givatayim about the conventional knowledge of the dark mass. A month after that I will give two more somewhat unacceptable lectures. You are invited.
Shabbat Shalom
Sabdarmish Yehuda
deer Your explanation is very interesting. Thanks.
I know a large number of galaxies and most of them agree with me, although none would personally give up their black hole
(-:
There is confusion here between two successive processes:
The first is a situation in which two galaxies collide with each other, both of which have a black hole, and this creates a situation where the black holes found in the centers of the galaxies move in a circular or elliptical orbit against each other - in such a situation, a hyperbolic orbit cannot be created because to begin with, the energy present in the system is only the energy resulting from the acting gravity between the two galaxies.
The path in which the black holes move around each other is not circular due to dynamical friction, which causes that when a heavy object (black hole) passes through a medium of light objects (stars) - the large object loses its speed in favor of the acceleration of the small objects.
Because of this effect the orbit of the black holes around each other is not really elliptical but spiral, as they lose kinetic energy.
At a certain stage they come very close to each other (Persek's SDG) and then there are almost no stars around them and the dynamic friction is weakened, but this is another mechanism that comes into play and it is the gravitational radiation that causes them to get closer to each other (gravitational radiation has not yet been detected but an award has already been given Nobel for discovering its result described here - a change in the cycle times of a pair of binary pulsars was detected due to this exact effect).
Initially the gravitational radiation radiates with cylindrical symmetry because at the end of each rotation the situation returns to almost the same as it was, however, at the very last stage when they connect the intensity of the gravitational radiation is very large and is not emitted homogeneously during the entire cycle of rotation - as a result of this an asymmetry is created in the emission of gravitational energy and since this carries momentum, this momentum has to be balanced and this is exactly the gravitational kick that the black hole receives from a second connection the stars. The energy that drives the process in this case is not the energy that originates from the initial gravitational or kinetic energy, but from the loss of mass during the collapse from an infinite distance (in relative terms) to the last stable orbit (energy given by about 6% of the rest mass). This is the speed that the mechanism creates is of the order of magnitude that I described in my response (19).
deer
Quote from your response #10: "Galaxies can manage without a massive black hole in their center..."
Are you sure ? Did you ask them? Did they agree?
Lezvi and Max Power.
After all, the article clearly states that these are two black holes, which are even marked in the picture. So the claim that two black holes merged into one is not true. You see two black holes. One in the center of the galaxy and the other, apparently, on the edge. The wording given in the article appears to be an inaccuracy of the translation. Instead of "...kicked out of his galaxy as a result of the merger of two small black holes..." should be, as far as I understand, "...kicked out of the galaxy as a result of the collision of two galaxies in the center of each of which is a black hole...". The idea is that one black hole, the more massive, absorbed most of the mass of the other galaxy, but the black hole of the second mass continued a wider rotational motion around its center of mass and that of the more massive black hole.
According to models I've seen in the past, the expectation does depend on the overall energy of the system.
If the kinetic energy is less than the gravitational energy, then they will "dance" a prolonged double tango, in the sg of hundreds of millions of years, until they coalesce into one black hole. If the kinetic energy of the system is greater than the gravitational energy then they will move away from each other forever in hyperbolic orbits. And if the energies are equal then they will stabilize in circular orbits around their centers of mass.
A. Ben Ner,
1. Max is right, the holes did merge and therefore there is no movement of one around the other.
2. When you say circular motion, you actually mean elliptical motion (otherwise there is no reason to imagine) - in fact in this case you are even talking about motion in a very eccentric ellipse in order to confuse the astronomers - and still, it is not good enough.
There is a fundamental difference between elliptical motion and the motion described here and the difference is in the total mechanical energy in the system (negative potential gravitational energy + positive kinetic energy). In motion in an elliptical orbit, the sum of the energy is less than 0 (the potential energy is greater in absolute value than the kinetic energy - in fact, on average exactly 2 times - this is part of what is called the virial law). In movement in an open orbit, on the other hand, the overall energy is positive (therefore the orbit is open because even at infinity, when the potential energy is zeroed, kinetic energy still remains).
The potential energy is easy to estimate based on familiarity with the characteristics of a galaxy (size, mass, etc.). The kinetic energy is also even simpler to estimate (mainly based on the Doppler shift - usually of atomic matter attached to the black hole). That is, the energy calculation is not too complicated.
To get a scale:
As far as I know, the escape velocity from a normal galaxy such as the Milky Way is several hundred kilometers per second (0.1% of the speed of light) - the velocity offered by the mechanism in question is much higher and you can easily do a simple finger calculation:
Suppose two black holes of mass M
When matter is adsorbed to a normal black hole, about 6% of the mass is converted into energy (a normal black hole in the non-rotating sense - this rotating black hole can grow up to more than 40%) - so the energy emitted in the process of connecting the two holes is about 0.12M . This energy becomes the kinetic energy of the unified black hole which has a mass of 1.88M. From the kinetic energy calculation (speed is not relative) you will get that:
1.88M*V^2/2=0.12M
That is v^2=0.12/0.96=0.125 and hence we got that V~0.35.
All this time I worked in units where c=1, which means we accepted that in the simple mechanism, where two black holes crash into each other, the emission speed of the black hole is about 35% of the speed of light.
It is clear that this is a very simplistic calculation and that I did not take into account many reasonable things that have a great effect (the illumination comes at the expense of this speed and also the mass differences between the black holes have a decisive effect) - yet you can understand that we are talking about completely different orders of magnitude of speed.
Mr. Ben Ner writes in the article that two black holes merged into one, and the new black hole was thrown out from the center of the galaxy.
There is also the possibility, which seems the most probable, that the black hole that now appears to have been thrown out of the galaxy, is actually making a circular, binary motion, in front of the other black hole in the center of the galaxy. Of course, the question arises, what is the mechanism that leaves one black hole in the center of the galaxy and discards the other. One next answer to consider is, the differences in the masses of the two black holes. Another factor could be…..dark mass (sorry for the expression). It is possible that around the black hole, which seems to be thrown out, more dark mass is concentrated.
Mr. Zvi, thank you for the explanation.
This is not really the case:
The basic structure of a galaxy is like this.
In the center of the galaxy there is a black hole whose mass ranges from one million solar masses to up to 10 billion solar masses (orders of magnitude). The black hole of the Milky Way galaxy is relatively small and has a mass of only a few million solar masses.
The black hole stands at the center of a spherical bulge consisting of many ordinary stars (suns) - interestingly, there is a correlation between the mass of the bulge and the mass of the black hole (the mass of the bulge is approximately 1000 times greater than the mass of the black hole).
Around the bulge, which is generally spherical as mentioned, there is a large disc with many more stars (this is the disc that you usually see in pictures of spiral galaxies).
For the Milky Way, the bulge mass is several billion solar masses, while the mass of the entire galaxy is about 200 billion solar masses - that is, the Milky Way is a galaxy in which the disk is very dominant.
This is not always the case, in spherical galaxies for example (larger and older galaxies), the sphere is actually a very large ball with a huge black hole in the center.
There are also intermediate states (look for the sombrero galaxy) where the habulage is large but the disk is still significant.
In short, with the mass of the black hole in a spiral galaxy several million solar masses, while the mass of the central bulge is 1000 times greater - you can understand that at a great distance (in the disk, let's say) the main effect is of the central bulge and the disk and the central black hole have almost no effect.
So it's strange, I imagined that the massive black hole serves as a kind of axis around which the galaxy moves, like the sun around which the solar system moves, if there is no black hole in the center of the galaxy, what keeps the stars moving around the galaxy?
Max,
You're right, I was wrong.
I probably didn't understand, according to what is written in the article, "two holes merge and form one black hole... and the new black hole is thrown out" according to the text, the new hole is thrown out,
It is worth checking if it is moving in a straight direction and if its recoil in the opposite direction has moved to another body.
The only thing that could throw a black hole out of its galaxy is a bigger black hole, but it has not been detected there nor has it left a trace.
Therefore, the only explanation that can be put forward is either that God threw it away or that aliens use it as an engine for intergalactic travel, which is of course the same for us.
Max,
First of all, please note that this is a galaxy formed from the merger of two galaxies and two black holes when one of the black holes was blown away, so the other is still there.
Second, galaxies can manage without a massive black hole in their center, in fact the idea of a massive black hole only arose following discoveries of the AGN (radio galaxies, quasars, lasers, Seyfert galaxies, etc.).
After that it was discovered that every galaxy has a black hole probably for evolutionary reasons (where there was a black hole a galaxy developed, or every galaxy produced a black hole for itself - it doesn't matter for the current discussion).
In principle, for years it was not thought that there is a black hole in the center of a galaxy and a galaxy without a black hole has not been discovered, but it does not contradict any law of nature.
There is one, not two.
So this galaxy doesn't have a massive black hole at its center, so what does it have instead?
Without cursing, I agree with my predecessor. You are not a geek and don't shut up. I didn't notice either. To the content - yes I noticed.
My wife, when she is annoyed with me, corrects me linguistically.
For the matter (physics, astronomy) and not for a person's body (in the metaphorical sense).
My father is responsible for the enterprise called the Knowledge Site - for free, and without competition in quality. Well done, hats off to you.
We have all gotten used to a high standard, until we have the feeling that this is a paid subscription and we deserve a 10. This is a certificate of honor for the site from the previous visitors.
according to you
make up?
To be able to measure the gravitational waves?
It seems that the translator of the article was in a hurry to go somewhere...
"As a result of the merger of two small black holes."
Father, how long are the deceptions?
Cool
"Supermassive black holes can easily weigh more than a billion solar masses"
That seems a bit of an oxymoron, doesn't it?
https://www.hayadan.org.il/hundreds-of-rogue-black-holes-may-roam-the-milky-way-0305094/