Prof. Udi Sommer and Idan Franco from the School of Political Science, Government and International Relations at Tel Aviv University investigated why African-Americans "score an own goal" and vote for Trump. Is there racist self-loathing and how does it relate to Israel?
Article by: Michal Bachar
Prof. Udi Sommer, from the School of Political Science, Government and International Relations, was the chairman of the Young Israeli Academy and is the head of the scientific committee of the US Research Center, in collaboration with the Fulbright Program. Sommer published approx-50 scientific articles published in major journals in his areas of expertise as well as 3 books: on comparative abortion policy (published by Cambridge University Books, 2019), on the rights of sexual minorities in a comparative aspect (published by SUNY Press, 2016) and setting an agenda in the American Supreme Court (published by Palgrave-MacMillan, 2014). In addition, his book dealing with Israeli parents in America (2010) received extensive media coverage. Prof. Sommer specializes in American and comparative politics, politics of sexuality and gender, politics of courts, politics of epidemics, Israel-US relations, and cyber. In 2018, in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team from around the campus, he led to the winning of a NIS XNUMX million fund from the US State Department to establish the Center for US Studies at the university.
The new study by Prof. Sommer and Idan Franco, a doctoral student in political science, provides a fascinating explanation for the question of how African-Americans can be the influential factor in US elections and why, then, they vote for a candidate who did not support the movement "Black Lives Matter".
Against all odds
Even before the presidency of Barack Obama, it became clear that issues related to race significantly affect political behavior. Sommer and Franco's research focuses on the 2016 and 2020 US presidential elections, but contrary to what we might assume, especially after the tenure of the first African-American president in the White House, the results were surprising.
"Survey results in the 2016 and 2020 elections indicate that Trump was able to increase the support of minority group voters for him," Prof. Sommer says. "The electoral consequences of his negative image in everything related to the African-American public - including his harsh criticism against the Black Lives Matter"And many other expressions of a racist nature - had a secondary effect, at most," explains Prof. Sommer. "In 2020, Trump enjoys even greater support among black voters compared to his achievement from the 2016 election. That is, against all odds and as a Republican president, Trump managed to increase the support of African-American voters, who traditionally tend to vote in very large proportions for the party the democratic."
What's the explanation?
"In the research we conducted, we discovered that there is great value in using the concept of "racist aversion" ("racial resentment") to explain the political behavior of African-American voters," says Idan Franco. "Racial aversion is a familiar concept in the study of identity politics in the racial context, which until now has been used to examine feelings among white Americans towards the black community. Judging by its original definition, it is really not expected that this concept would be relevant to describe feelings of the African-American community towards itself ."
Racist hatred
"Racist aversion," Prof. Sommer continues to explain, "is a mixture of an antagonistic mindset towards blacks that combines a feeling of hostility and humiliation. It is measured through the degree of agreement with statements related to interracial relationships, such as: 'White people in the United States have certain advantages because of the color of their skin', 'generations of slavery and discrimination have created conditions that make it difficult for blacks to make their way outside of the weaker classes' and 'whites manage to get away with crimes that African-Americans would never be able to get away with'. The less the respondents agree with these statements, the more racist they are considered to be, because they deny the harsh social reality of blacks in America."
Why, then, do African-Americans feel racist hatred towards themselves, similar to feelings towards white people in the US? Is this a form of political "Stockholm Syndrome"?
"If we accept the original definition of the concept as 'racist aversion', these attitudes can be seen as a kind of self-racism, but our research," Prof. Sommer describes, "offers a different explanation. We claim that the political behavior of black voters. includes how they perceive the conditions of their racial group as a collective, as well as the way in which they believe society perceives their racial group. This brings us back to the public discourse in the US regarding the social challenges of the African-American community and the ways to solve them, which began more than a century ago under their leadership of Du Bois and of Washington."
The double consciousness
"Du Bois expressed a worldview that emphasizes systemic explanations for the problems of the black citizen - the most prominent of which is 'double consciousness'," claims Idan Franco. "It is a paradoxical feeling that expresses at the same time the individual's attraction to his group and his inability to escape the temptation to assimilate into the larger socio-political reality. He dealt with the concept of institutionalized discrimination and argued that African-Americans should be treated as a collective living within a racist and discriminatory society and therefore already in a position of inferiority to against white Americans. In addition, the history of the black community in the US, the overwhelming part of which came reluctantly to the American continent because of the institution of slavery, contributes to this position of inferiority."
Individualism and self-actualization
"Du Bois' concept characterized the bulk of African-American thought throughout the 20th century, especially among the elite and at important decision points, such as the protest of the civil rights movement in the 60s," explains Prof. Sommer. "On the other hand, Washington believed, decades earlier, that in accordance with the American spirit the black individual could realize himself regardless of the color of his skin. Washington expressed an individualistic, pragmatist and conciliatory view. He believed that the chain of professional education frameworks in the concentrations of the black population would lead to an improvement in the condition of the black community In the US, through increasing the contribution of blacks to the American economy, which will increase their value in the eyes of the white public."
"If we return to the concept of racist aversion," Prof. Sommer continues to explain, "in the research we conducted we claimed that the concept does not actually measure racial aversion, but different perceptions of inequality: between blacks who identify with DuBois's collective and critical approach, and those who identify with his approach The individualist and compromising of Washington. This difference carries a decisive political weight."
The decisive factor
"The results of our study," Prof. Sommer concludes, "demonstrated with high probability that the group of black voters who demonstrated abnormal positions on the racial aversion scale affected the results of the 2020 election. That is, African Americans with an abnormal perception of racial inequality, especially In states where black votes are significant - such as Florida, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, Wisconsin and Michigan - they can, in the end, be the ones that decide the results of the election."
Good democracy
Sommer and Franco discovered that the results of the Israeli elections indicate an interesting similarity. "Like Trump, Netanyahu also tried to attract votes among a surprising group - Israeli Arabs. Indeed, an examination of the election results from the last rounds shows that the Likud party significantly increased the Arab public's support for it," explains Prof. Sommer and Franco adds, "Similar to the case of Afro- Americans and Trump, our preliminary analyzes show that, unlike standard explanations related to the economic situation, one of the main variables for explaining the support of Israeli Arabs for Netanyahu is precisely the rate of agreement with the statement that Israel is a good democracy. This is especially surprising in light of the critical perception of many Arab public leaders that Israel discriminates against its Arab citizens in a systemic way." Does racist hatred also affect the results of the elections in Israel? This, Sommer and Franco say, would be interesting to investigate.
Prof. Sommer and Idan Franco's research was first revealed last year In an article in the Washington Post
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