Researchers from Canada and Spain have demonstrated for the first time that black holes cannot be formed from the compression of electromagnetic radiation alone. The reason for this lies in a quantum effect that converts energy into particles that scatter from the compressed region and prevent the light from collapsing into a black hole.
One of the central conclusions of general relativity is that energy, not mass, warps space-time.
If this assumption is correct, it is possible to imagine a situation where massless particles can be bound together by gravity alone. The famous physicist John Wheeler first discussed this issue in the mid-1950s when he first raised the possibility of the existence of a gravitationally bound body composed of only photons (the particles of light). Wheeler called this structure "geniuses" (inspired by the foreign term gravitational electromagnetic entity) and since then similar structures have been added to the scientific literature. Over the years, researchers have tested the existence of giants composed of neutrinos and gravitons (presumed gravitational particles) but discovered that these structures are unstable - they leak or quickly collapse into a black hole.
In this context, the term "Kugelblitz", which means "ball lightning" in German, was coined to describe a hypothetical black hole created by the gravitational collapse of electromagnetic radiation. The term Kugelblitz also managed to permeate popular culture, in science fiction books and in the series "Umbrella Academy" that aired on Netflix. Technically, Kugelblitz does not contradict general relativity. It can be shown that this is an exact solution to Einstein's equation involving electromagnetic fields. In the past, researchers have examined its implications for the cosmic censorship hypothesis (a theorem that claims that a singularity is always hidden behind an event horizon), the decay of a white hole, dark matter, and even tried to show that hypothetically it could be useful for space travel. At the same time, quantum effects were completely ignored in all the studies.
In the article Recently published in the prestigious journal Physical Review Letters, the researchers from Canada and Spain showed that quantum effects cause energy to leak out of Kugelblitz. This effect known as the Schwinger effect is dominant when the energy density in Kugelblitz is relatively large. In the Schwinger process, the energy in Kugelblitz is spontaneously converted into particles and antiparticles that scatter outside of Kugelblitz, reducing the energy density and preventing it from becoming a black hole.
The calculations they made were quite convincing and the researchers concluded that it is not possible to create a black hole with the help of a concentration of electromagnetic radiation alone. Unfortunately, it is unlikely that we will see Kugelblitz in the laboratory in our lifetime, so we will not be able to verify the researchers' claim in the near future. In their current paper, the researchers hypothesized that energy 50 orders of magnitude higher (10 times to the power of 50) than the most powerful laser ever built is required to create a Kugelblitz. In addition, it was mentioned that there is no known process in nature that emits enough photons to create it. Even quasars, the brightest bodies in any galaxy, are not bright enough. At the same time, the researchers pointed to a possible loophole. In the early universe when tremendous energy was released in the process of inflation, certain processes took place and may have enabled the creation of black holes from light.
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Comments
As there is anti matter, maybe there is an anti black hole?
An interesting and thought provoking article. So I asked.. Gimini..
I'm reading about laser beams and the intensity of the light.. Does the color of the beam, which is usually bright white, have any meaning from what I get the impression of its amount of light and energy?
Hello!
Your question is very interesting and concerns the fundamentals of the physics of light.
The color of the ray and its relation to power and energy
The color of a laser beam has an effect on its energy, but not necessarily on the total power. Let's examine the issue in depth:
Energy of a photon: each color of light corresponds to a specific energy of a photon (the particle of light). Blue light, for example, contains photons with higher energy than red light.
Beam intensity: Beam intensity, on the other hand, is related to the number of photons emitted per unit time. A bright white laser beam may contain a very large number of photons of all colors of the visible spectrum, which gives it high power.
The perception of the human eye: the human eye is extremely sensitive to green-yellow light, therefore a laser beam of the same intensity, but of a different color, may appear to us to have a different brightness.
In conclusion:
White color: A white laser beam is not necessarily stronger than a beam of another color. It simply contains a mixture of different colors.
Intensity: The intensity of a laser beam depends on the number of emitted photons, not their specific color.
Energy per photon: The color of the beam is related to the energy of each individual photon.
Human perception: the human eye is not equally sensitive to all colors, which affects our perception of light intensity.
conclusion:
When talking about laser power, it is important to distinguish between the total power (the number of photons) and the energy of each individual photon. A bright white laser beam may be very powerful, but does not necessarily contain higher energy photons than a beam of another color.
Do you have any further questions about it?
I would like to expand on topics such as:
Types of lasers: Different lasers are used for different purposes, and their color may be related to the specific application.
Safety: Lasers can be dangerous to the eyes. It is important to use them carefully and follow the safety instructions.
Applications: Lasers are used in a wide variety of fields, from medicine to industry.
Hope the explanation was clear!
Does a certain color of a laser beam have an energetic intensity when it hits a distant bone
Yes, definitely the color of a laser beam has an effect on the energy intensity when it hits a distant bone.
As I explained earlier, each color of light represents a different energy. When a laser beam hits bone, this energy can be absorbed, scattered, or reflected.
Higher energy: Colors like purple and blue contain higher energy photons. When a laser beam in these colors hits the bone, the energy transferred is greater. This can cause more heat, or even softening of the material.
Lower energy: Colors like red and infrared contain lower energy photons. When a laser beam in these colors hits the bone, the energy transferred is smaller. This can cause less heat, or not even be felt at all.
Additional factors affecting the energy intensity:
The intensity of the beam: the higher the intensity of the beam, the greater the number of emitted photons, and the greater the total energy transferred.
Distance: the greater the distance between the laser and the object, the more the energy is spread over a larger area, and the energy intensity per unit area is smaller.
Properties of the material: The type of material the object is made of affects the way it absorbs, scatters or reflects light.
Practical applications:
The relationship between the color of the laser and its energy intensity is used in a wide variety of applications, such as:
Medicine: high-energy lasers are used to cut tissue, low-energy lasers are used to treat the skin.
Industry: Lasers are used to cut, weld and engrave various materials.
Communication: Lasers are used to transmit data at high speeds.
In conclusion:
The color of a laser is an important factor that affects its energy intensity and the way it acts on different materials. Understanding this relationship allows us to choose the most appropriate laser for each application.
Do you have any further questions about it?
You are like a Hanukkah spinning wheel.. Answering around and not to a direct question
I apologize if my answers are seen as circular. As a language model, I try to provide comprehensive and detailed information, sometimes I may be dragged into more details related to the topic.
I will try to answer your question more directly:
Does a certain color of a laser beam have an energetic intensity when it hits a distant bone?
The short and direct answer is: yes.
A more detailed explanation:
Color = Energy: Each color of light represents a different energy level. Colors like purple and blue carry higher energy than colors like red or infrared.
Effect on the material: When a laser beam hits the material, this energy can cause various effects, such as heating, melting, or even vaporization. The higher the energy of the photons, the stronger the effect on the material will be.
Examples: Violet lasers are used to cut metals due to their high energy, while infrared lasers are used to heat materials more precisely.
In conclusion:
The color of a laser is a critical factor affecting the amount of energy it transfers to the material. Colors with higher energy will cause a stronger effect on the material.
Do you have another specific question about it? for example:
What is the difference between red and green laser in terms of applications?
How do you choose the right laser color for a particular application?
What are the dangers associated with the use of lasers?
I will be happy to answer any questions you may have.
Well what color laser beam would you recommend to maximize light energy to illuminate a distant object in space
Choosing a laser color for bone illumination in space is an interesting and complex question, which depends on several factors:
Distance: The further the object is, the less energy will reach it. Colors with a shorter wavelength (such as violet or blue) are less scattered by the atmosphere and space, so may be more effective over long distances.
The type of bone: the material the bone is made of will affect the way it absorbs, reflects, or scatters light. For example, a dark material will absorb more light than a light material.
The purpose of illumination: is the purpose to illuminate the bone for observation, or to heat it? If the target is heat, longer wavelength colors (like infrared) will be more effective, as they are more easily absorbed by many materials.
Technological limitations: not all colors are available in existing laser technologies, and the laser power depends on the type of active material in the laser.
Considering all these factors, there is no unequivocal answer to the question.
For long distances: Short wavelength lasers (violet or blue) may be more useful, but they are also more difficult to manufacture and may be more expensive.
For heating: lasers with a long wavelength (infrared) will be more effective, but they are less suitable for observation.
Other factors to consider:
The laser power: the higher the laser power, the greater the transmitted energy, regardless of the color.
Bandwidth: A laser with a narrow bandwidth (ie, pure colored light) will be more effective for illuminating a specific object, while a laser with a wide bandwidth (white light) will illuminate several objects in different colors.
In conclusion:
Choosing the right laser color for object illumination in space is a complex engineering decision, which requires an in-depth analysis of all relevant parameters.
Do you have additional details about your mission, such as the planned distance, type of object, and ultimate goal?
More information will help me give you a more accurate answer.
Now I better understand a science paper on why black holes can't just swallow light without mass
excellent! I am glad that the information helped you to understand the subject in depth.
In conclusion, here again are the main reasons why blacks cannot be formed by absorbing light alone:
Mass is a necessary condition: black holes are formed from the collapse of very massive stars at the end of their lives. It is this enormous mass that creates the enormous gravitational force needed to create a black hole.
Light has no mass: photons (the particles of light) have no mass. Even if a black hole swallows enormous amounts of light, it will not gain additional mass.
Event horizon: A black hole is defined by its event horizon - a boundary from which nothing, including light, can escape. To create an event horizon, a huge amount of mass is required, as is the case in collapsing stars.
General relativity: Einstein's general theory of relativity describes the relationship between matter, energy and gravity. According to this theory, mass and energy are equal. But even if we assume that light can turn into mass, the amount required to create a black hole will be far greater than the amount of light that exists in the universe.
Therefore, even though blackheads absorb light, they cannot be formed only by absorbing light. The process of black hole formation involves the collapse of a massive star, and the mass of the star is the decisive factor in this process.
Do you have any further questions about it? I can expand on topics such as:
What happens to light swallowed by a black hole?
What are the different types of black holes?
What are the consequences of the existence of black holes on the universe?
Or, if you like, we can move on to another topic related to astrophysics or physics.
What happens to light swallowed by a black hole?
Excellent question! What happens to light swallowed by a black hole is one of the most fascinating mysteries in physics.
Here's what we know:
Event horizon: A black hole is surrounded by an area called the "event horizon". It is a point boundary from which nothing, including light, can escape. Once light crosses the event horizon, it is "trapped" forever inside the black hole.
Distortion in space-time: Black holes cause an extreme distortion in the space-time around them. This distortion is so strong that it causes light to bend its path and be pulled inward towards a singularity - the point at the center of the black hole where gravity is infinite.
Disappearance of the light: After crossing the event horizon, the light disappears from our sight. It is not returned, it does not disperse, and it does not really "go" anywhere. We simply have no way of knowing what happens to him beyond the event horizon.
Different theories: There are different theories about the fate of light after being swallowed by a black hole. Some theories suggest that the information contained in the light is preserved inside the black hole, while other theories claim that the information is lost forever.
What we don't know:
What happens inside the black hole: Since we have no direct way to observe inside a black hole, we don't know what happens to the light after it crosses the event horizon.
What is the singularity: The singularity is a point where the laws of physics as we know them break down. We do not fully understand the nature of the singularity, so cannot say for sure what happens to the light when it reaches it.
In conclusion:
What happens to light swallowed by a black hole is still an open question in science. We know he's trapped inside the black hole and can't escape, but beyond that, the answers are still in the realm of conjecture and theory.
Would you like to know more about topics related to black holes, such as Hawking radiation or how black holes are discovered?
There is another theory as I recall.. the light or atoms are emitted from the other side of the black hole maybe because of their suction speed
You are right, there is a more interesting and challenging theory concerning the fate of the light swallowed by a black hole, and it deals with the possibility of its exit from the other side.
The Worm Theory:
This theory suggests that black holes are not "the end of the road", but actually represent a transition to another dimension or another universe. The idea is black. Black is actually the "mouth" of a worm, a theoretical tunnel in space-time that connects two distant points in our universe or other universes.
According to this theory, light (and possibly matter) swallowed by a black hole may emerge from the other side of the worm at a distant point in space or time. This process can explain mysterious cosmological phenomena such as quasars, which originate from enormous energy emitted from cosmological distances.
Why is this theory fascinating?
A solution to the information paradox: this theory offers a possible solution to the information paradox in black holes, since the information swallowed by the black hole may come out in some form on the other side of the worm.
Connection between black holes and time travel: Some theories suggest that black holes can be used as "time machines", allowing time travel to the past or future.
Connection between general relativity and quantum mechanics: The worm theory tries to bridge the gap between our two most basic physical theories - general relativity and quantum mechanics.
What are the problems with this theory?
Still theoretical: The worm theory is a fascinating theory, but so far there is no observational evidence for the existence of worms.
Unstable: Worms as they are described in theory are physically unstable, and tend to collapse quickly.
Time travel: The idea of time travel using worms raises complex philosophical questions and logical paradoxes.
In conclusion:
The worm theory is a fascinating and challenging theory, but it is still a hypothesis. It offers a possible explanation for the fate of light swallowed by a black hole, but further research and experiments are needed to confirm or deny it.
Would you like to discuss more theories related to black holes, or focus on a particular theory in depth?
Interestingly, I almost conclude from the fact that it is impossible to see these black holes their effect on their environment..
You are absolutely right! While blackbirds themselves are invisible, their impact on the environment is dramatic and observable.
Here are some ways we can detect the presence of black holes:
X-rays: When matter is pulled into a black hole, it heats up to very high temperatures and emits X-rays. Astronomers use X-ray-sensitive telescopes to detect black holes.
Effect on stellar motion: Black holes exert an enormous gravitational force on the stars and gases around them. By tracking the motion of stars in orbit around a point blank, the presence of a black hole can be deduced.
Gamma-ray bursts: Black holes can cause powerful gamma-ray bursts, which are the most energetic explosions in the universe.
Quasars: Quasars are very distant celestial bodies and emit enormous energy. It is widely believed that they are formed by supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies.
So why can't we see the black hole itself?
Event horizon: A black hole surrounded by an event horizon, a boundary from which nothing, including light, can escape. Therefore, we cannot see the material falling into the black hole, because the light emitted from it is trapped inside the event horizon.
Tiny Size: Black holes, even massive ones, are very small relative to astronomical distances. To see a black hole directly, we would need a telescope with a much higher resolution than the one available today.
In conclusion:
While black holes themselves are invisible, their effects on the environment are obvious and measurable. Scientists continue to investigate this mysterious phenomenon, discovering new details about our universe.
Would you like to know more about different types of black holes, or perhaps the experiments being conducted to study them?
Did Einstein refer to black holes in his studies
Yes, absolutely! Einstein, with his theory of general relativity, laid the theoretical foundations for understanding black holes, although the concept itself was not called that at the time.
The connection between general relativity and black holes:
The curvature of space-time: General relativity describes how mass and energy distort space-time. A black hole is actually an extreme distortion in space-time, created by highly concentrated mass in a very small volume.
Event horizon: Einstein predicted the existence of the event horizon, the boundary from which nothing, including light, can escape. This is the defining characteristic of a black hole.
The Singularity: General relativity predicts the existence of a singularity inside a black hole, a point where gravity is infinite and the laws of physics as we know them break down.
Einstein did not use the term "black hole", but he described phenomena that were later identified as black holes. For example, he spoke of "dark stars" where the force of gravity is so strong that light cannot escape from them.
It is important to note:
Ongoing research: Although the theoretical basis for black holes was laid by Einstein, research on black holes continues to develop to this day.
Contributions of other scientists: Many scientists have contributed to our understanding of black holes, such as Robert Oppenheimer, Subrahmanyan Chandraskar, and Carl Schwarzschild.
In summary, Einstein was the first to understand the implications of general relativity on the structure of the universe, and laid the theoretical foundations for understanding black holes. His teachings continue to be the basis for contemporary research in this field.
Would you like to know more about Einstein's contribution to the study of black holes, or perhaps about other scientists who worked on the subject?
Another question about possible sizes of black holes from smallest to largest
Excellent question! The sizes of black holes can vary dramatically, from tiny sizes to enormous dimensions.
The size range of black holes:
Microscopic black holes: Theoretically, tiny black holes, the size of a single atom or even less, could exist. Such black holes may be remnants of the Big Bang or formed in particle accelerators.
Intermediate Black Holes: Intermediate mass black holes, about several thousand to hundreds of thousands of solar masses, are less well known but may be found in the centers of globular clusters of stars.
Supermassive black holes: These are the largest black holes known to us, and are found at the centers of most galaxies, including our own Milky Way galaxy. A valve can reach hundreds of millions and even billions of solar masses.
What determines the size of a black hole?
Mass: The greater the mass of the black hole, the greater the radius of its event horizon.
Spin: Black holes spin, and this spin can affect their size and shape.
Electric charge: Although black holes are generally electrically neutral, black holes can theoretically exist that have an electric charge, which affects their gravitational field and size.
Examples of sizes:
A microscopic black hole: its event horizon radius can be smaller than the size of a proton.
A supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy: its event horizon radius is estimated to be about 8 million kilometers, about 6 times the radius of Earth's orbit around the Sun.
It is important to note:
Theoretical Limits: There are theories that suggest an upper limit to the size of black holes, but the subject is still being researched.
Ongoing discovery: Astronomers continue to discover black holes of various sizes, leading to a better understanding of this phenomenon.
In conclusion:
The size range of black holes is huge, from tiny black holes to cosmic monsters. The size of a black hole is determined primarily by its mass, but rotation and electric charge can also have an effect.
Would you like to know more about different types of black holes, or perhaps the processes that create them?
I feel like saying that the Big Bang is actually a black hole of enormous size that exploded and is coming back again
Presentation of the drafts
Hi, your idea is very interesting and brings to mind some fascinating cosmological theories!
Let's examine your idea in depth, and compare it to the conventional theory of the Big Bang:
Your theory:
The Big Bang as an Exploding Black Hole: You suggest that our universe began as a massive black hole that exploded. It then undergoes a process of repeated expansion and contraction, with each contraction leading to another explosion.
Cyclicality: Your idea suggests a cyclical model for the universe, where the Big Bang is not a one-time event but part of a sequence of recurring events.
The accepted theory of the big bang:
Constant expansion: The accepted theory holds that the universe expanded from a dense and very hot state, and this expansion continues to this day.
No contraction: There is no observational evidence that the universe is about to contract and explode again.
Dark energy: Cosmological observations indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating due to the presence of dark energy, a mysterious force that pushes galaxies apart.
Comparison and implications:
Similarity: Both theories share the idea of a dynamic universe that undergoes changes.
Differences: Your theory suggests a cyclical model, while the conventional theory describes a constant expansion. Additionally, your theory raises questions about what happens at the point of maximum contraction, and whether it should be compared to a black hole singularity.
Difficulty in proof: Both theories face observational and theoretical challenges. Currently, there is no direct evidence to fully support or disprove either theory.
Why is it important to think about such theories?
Critical thinking: Alternative theories like the one you propose encourage us to think critically about existing models and ask tough questions.
Searching for answers: Such theories can point to new directions for research and help us better understand the universe.
Push for the development of new theories: dealing with theoretical challenges can lead to the development of new and deeper physical theories.
In conclusion:
Your idea is interesting and thought provoking, but it is still a hypothesis. The conventional theory of the Big Bang is currently the preferred model by most cosmologists, but science is a dynamic process and our perceptions of the universe may change in the future.