A special article in honor of Hebrew new year summarizing the creation of the world through the lens of science
The biblical story of creation begins with an act. The reason for the divine act is hidden from his interest, but the process of creation is correctly detailed. The process is not momentary, it is continuous and in a certain sense has no end. Surprisingly, I find in these diagnoses interesting parallels with the scientific story of creation. It also begins with an act, the reason for its occurrence is hidden from its interest and it also took time, and some would even argue, continues to occur. Beyond that, I am thrilled by the fact that in order to know the story of creation in its entirety, we are required to know the "Torah of Everything", the one that claims in one equation to contain nature at the height of its glory. Einstein used to say "I want to know what God thinks. Leave small details.' In my interpretation it says that in a certain sense, to know creation, is equivalent to knowing God, or all of nature. In honor of Rosh Hashanah, I thought it appropriate to describe here what the scientific community knows about the formation of the universe, what is visible and what is hidden, to sift out misconceptions and humble the decisive statements that are sometimes heard in the public.
Let's start with a common error - the "big bang" that happened about 13.8 billion years ago is not the moment of creation. At the same time there is no absolute scientific certainty about what happened before and if something necessarily happened before the bang. We have several hypotheses as to why it is not the primordial moment and a number of evidences that support this thought. It may surprise some of you, but the classical Big Bang model is unable to explain all observations in the universe. Therefore, many cosmologists refer to the bang as a historical event in the development of the universe, and not necessarily the moment from which it all began. Needless to say, the explosion was not really an event reminiscent of conventional explosions, but something more complex. According to the classical Big Bang model, the universe uniformly contained a boiling, dense and highly energetic plasma that expanded and cooled over time. With the cooling process, gravity became dominant and with its help complex bodies such as stars and galaxies were formed. If the cartoon image of the bang were correct, i.e. the one that depicts a world that was the size of an egg, which exploded in all directions, we would expect that in certain regions the universe would look different from other distant regions, but in fact, at large enough distances the universe appears homogeneous and isotropic, that is, the same everywhere in space and in every direction ( We will return to this point later).
Although the big bang theory explains the formation of galaxies and heavy elements, it is unable to explain why the universe is expanding. In fact, this theory does not contain an "explosion", if at all it explains what happened after the explosion. The classical model describes a universe that "began" after the expansion of space-time, without explaining how it happened. Beyond that, this theory is unable to explain where the matter in the universe came from. We can summarize this part by saying that the bang theory is a theory that does not explain what exploded, why it exploded or what happened before the explosion. In fact, it does not contain an explosion at all. Yes, the name is completely misleading and confusing.
On the theory of inflation
Is there a Torah that will solve these mysteries and that can be verified by observation? The answer to that is yes. We call this theory cosmic inflation. Broadly speaking, this is a theory that explains how the initial conditions for the Big Bang were created with the help of an exponential expansion of the universe that occurred before. The inflation mechanism is based on the fact that gravity is not just an attractive force. The first to use repulsive gravity was Einstein, who added the cosmological constant to his equations, in order to keep the universe static. If it weren't for the cosmological constant, the matter in the universe would collapse in on itself. Of course, today we know that the universe is not static, but is expanding rapidly. Thanks to general relativity, we know today that under the right conditions gravity can also repel bodies and not only attract them to each other.
When did inflation occur? There is no exact answer to this. It is very possible that the universe existed a long time before it began. This question can be replaced by another question - what is the energy density at which the inflation occurred? Physicists assume that the exponential expansion of the universe began when the energy density was high enough to unite the strong and electroweak forces. This is an energy scale that stands at 10 to the 16 giga electron volts. For comparison, one proton is energetically equal to 1 gigaelectron volt. Under these conditions, a tiny piece measuring 10 minus 28 centimeters is required to create the visible universe. In this process, the universe doubled its size every 10th power minus 37 seconds (tenth of a billionth billionth billionth billionth second). After the universe increased its volume about a hundred times, its size was the same as the size of a pea. This process took about 10 to the minus 35 seconds from the start of inflation, and from that the conditions for the Big Bang were created. The negative energy decayed, and in return the particles of matter and radiation were created. The universe continued to grow, but not at an exponential rate, this is because positive gravity slowed the expansion of the universe.
Here comes an important note regarding exponential expansion. The negative energy is not small with the expansion of the universe. This may sound like a claim that breaks the conservation of energy, but it is not. The amount of negative energy in the universe balances with the amount of positive energy arising from the particles of matter and radiation known to us. In fact during inflation, the amount of negative energy increases and in turn the amount of positive energy increases as well.
Evidence for the theory of inflation
The main evidence for the existence of inflation in the early universe is observed in the cosmic background radiation. This is very low energy radiation that began to move freely hundreds of thousands of years after inflation. This radiation is uniform from all directions, up to one hundred percent. The energy differences are very negligible and confirm the fact that the universe is more or less homogeneous and isotropic at large enough distances. In the era of the big bang, when the universe contained boiling plasma, light rays bounced between the particles of matter at a high frequency. The strong interaction between light and matter prevented light particles from moving large distances freely. Only about 400 thousand years after the bang, when the plasma cooled enough, light began to travel freely over great distances.
The obvious question is can we explain the homogeneity that existed in the early universe? If we take into account only the classical model for the Big Bang, the answer to this would be no. The reason is that in order to obtain a homogeneous image like the one observed from the cosmic background radiation, it is required to move masses of matter at a speed close to 100 times the speed of light, in contradiction to the theory of relativity. The dynamics in the bang model simply do not allow such a high degree of homogeneity. On the other hand, inflation provides a natural explanation for this. Before the big bang, the universe was very small, so small that it was inevitably homogeneous in a relatively short time. The exponential expansion stretched the universe at zero time and preserved the relativistic conditions that existed when the universe was tiny.
Another evidence comes from the degree of curvature of the universe. One of the open mysteries in cosmology is why the universe appears flat. The simplest definition of a flat universe is that the sum of the angles in a triangle in this universe is 180 degrees. In a curved universe, the sum of the angles can be greater than 180 or less, see figure below.
The curvature of the universe depends on the density of the mass inside it. It is customary to measure the curvature using the ratio between the mass density in the universe and the critical density at which the universe goes from positive to negative curvature or vice versa. The ratio between the expectations is usually marked with an omega symbol. If omega is equal to one, the universe is flat. If omega is less than one, the universe has negative curvature, and if omega is greater than one, the universe has positive curvature. Calculations show that the state in which the universe is flat is not a stable state, so cosmologists are racking their brains trying to understand why our universe looks like this. If omega is less than one, even slightly, the universe will very quickly expand without stopping, and if omega was slightly greater than one, the universe would contract back. In order for the universe to be flat and stay that way, omega has to be very close to or exactly equal to one, and indeed so is their value.
In principle, it can be assumed that the universe began with omega equal to or very close to one. If it is a random selection of a number, it is a very, very accurate value, a bit like putting a pencil on its tip without it falling. Physicists tend to call this case "unnatural", because it is natural to expect that if we try to put a pencil on its tip, it will fall in almost every attempt. If it didn't fall, we would assume that it was luck or that there is a mechanism that stabilizes it. Reasonably, physicists looked for a mechanism that would stabilize omega to be very close to one. It turns out that the classical big bang model cannot explain why omega is approximately equal to one, but the inflation model does. In fact, the dynamics in the inflation model change omega to one at an exponential rate, no matter what its initial value was. Until 1998, cosmologists thought that omega should be 0.2 or 0.3, contrary to the prediction of the inflation model, but since then, measurements have shown that omega is very close to one. The reason physicists thought omega should be relatively low was because they didn't know that the universe was expanding at an accelerated rate, but when they took that into account, omega did add up to a number close to one.
A third evidence of inflation is precisely in the inhomogeneity of the universe (at short distances). Obviously, at short enough distances the universe doesn't really look uniform. The universe is littered with stars and planets at different distances and sizes, while the sky is almost completely empty between the bodies. As I mentioned earlier, in order for massive bodies to be formed, inhomogeneity and isotropy is required. In areas with a higher than average material density, a more powerful gravitational force will be felt which will attract more material to it and in a chain process will become more and more massive. But what is the mechanism that causes this inhomogeneity? It is amazing to discover that it was quantum mechanics, dominant at short distances, that caused these cosmic changes. Under the guise of the inflation model, it is possible to calculate exactly how the quantum fluctuations left a mark on the early universe until today. When the map of cosmic radiation is mapped by frequency, the quantum echo can be seen exactly to what the inflation model predicts. There were actually quite a few predictions of what the frequency mapping would look like, but the inflation model was the one that fitted the observations remarkably accurately.
The evolution of the universe
After inflation, from the big bang and after, the universe went through a series of processes, some of which I will briefly summarize.
Until about the second thousandth of a billionth from the moment of the bang, there was an asymmetry between the amount of matter and antimatter particles in the universe. The reason for this is unknown. The standard model assumes that the forces acting on matter and antimatter particles are completely equal. Therefore, it is likely that an equal amount of matter and antimatter was created at the beginning of the universe. Besides, when matter and antimatter particles collide, they are converted into light particles. If this is the case, when the universe was very dense, it is likely that in a powerful collision all the particles of matter and antimatter will be converted into light and the universe will be empty of matter. This assumption is at odds with observations and we do not have a convincing explanation for why there is material left in the universe.
Immediately after, the matter particles received their valve from the Higgs mechanism. This is an interesting phase transition in the universe where the weak force changes its strength. Between the millisecond and 20 microseconds, the quarks that filled the universe begin to crystallize into protons and neutrons that we all know make up the nuclei of atoms in the periodic table. Of course, many more particles of matter were created, but these eventually became the particles we all know. The next stage in the evolution of the universe is somewhat hidden from our interest because it involves the process of "stasis" of the dark matter, that is, the moment when the dark matter stops coming into contact with other particles, and mediates its influence only through the force of gravity. About a second after the bang, the neutrino particles started moving freely from the boiling plasma. Note that the neutrino particles moved freely before the light particles. Because of this, the study of neutrinos can provide a glimpse into an even earlier universe. Unfortunately, the neutrino is a particle that reacts to matter particles only through the weak force, so it is very difficult to measure its existence and effect. When the universe was 6 seconds old, the annihilation took place between the electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) and when the universe was 3 minutes old, the light elements began to form. It took hundreds of thousands of years until neutral hydrogen was energetically superior (over charged hydrogen), and from this critical point the light particles began to move freely.
Beyond the theory of inflation
So far the picture I described was based on observations of the universe and particle accelerators. From this point on we will discuss the more speculative parts of the inflation model. When inflation occurs in a certain region of space, the negative energy driving it fades over time locally. On the other hand, the amount of negative energy increases as the volume of the universe increases. This process creates regions in the universe that stop growing alongside an envelope that fills with negative energy. In fact, the negative energy accumulates faster than its rate of decay and therefore the expansion of the universe continues forever. In this process, islands are formed that stop spreading, which cosmologists call "sacks". Each such bag can represent a universe in itself with its own laws of nature. It is important to note that these restorations are in the fabric of one time space and can sometimes collide. Scientists have previously tried to look for gravitational signatures of collisions with other universes, but have yet to find any. A natural explanation for the existence of universes with different laws of nature also comes, interestingly, from string theory. This theory unites under a single formalism the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Yes, we've already quantized gravity, but no one claimed there was only one way to do it. String theory is a complicated theory, and sometimes it is difficult to solve problems with it, but sometimes the situation can be completely opposite. To the question of what is the basic state of the Torah, i.e. what is the physical state with the lowest energy, there are 10 to the power of 500 different answers. On the one hand, this is an obstacle. How can we choose the ground state that describes our universe? And what mechanism will choose this basic state? On the other hand, if there is no such mechanism, maybe this is a sign that they all exist? String researchers believe that each fundamental state describes a new universe and alongside it a set of different constants of nature. The idea goes hand in hand with the inflation model and multiple universes that this theory predicts.
In conclusion, I say that many of the riddles are from the total facts known to us. Not sure we will ever be able to answer them all. The most difficult question probably concerns the moment of the singularity, when the universe had zero size. At the same time, it is impossible not to be surprised by the fact that we, humans, are able to think about these questions and find answers, even if partial.
Do you have a scientific question? You are welcome to chat with me at the email address: noamphysics@gmail.com
This article is based on the series of lectures by Alan Guth from MIT. You can watch them HERE
More of the topic in Hayadan:
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Parashat Beresheit of physics and geometry
In the beginning, God created
the infinite geometric emptiness.
Geometric emptiness had an infinite amount of length.
Geometric emptiness had an infinite amount of space.
Geometric emptiness had an infinite amount of volume.
The imagination filled the geometric emptiness with geometric shapes such as a circle, triangle, square, etc.
The shape of the circle is created from a certain amount of closed length, containing a certain amount of area.
The shape of the triangle was created from a certain amount of closed length, containing a certain amount of area.
The square shape is created from a certain amount of closed length, containing a certain amount of area.
And so on, many geometric shapes were created.
And God will see that the infinite geometric emptiness contains only geometric shapes, and will fill the emptiness with a passive time that does not move from its place, and is completely at rest.
Absolute resting passive time already presents a physical creation, which joins the geometric creation.
The passive time, occupied an infinite geometric volume.
And God will turn passive time into absolute cold, and this is how the limit of cold in the world is determined.
And the passive time was absolute rest and absolute cold, and it occupied an infinite geometric volume.
And God said - the deed we have done is good.
And God saw the lonely and sad state of the passive time that is on the border of the cold, and added to it the joyful, multi-faceted quantitative energy.
And God will drown in the cheerful quantum energy a physical law that says:
Many appearances will the cheerful quantum energy have, but the ever-changing quantity will be preserved.
And God saw that the joyful quantitative energy does change its appearances, while being careful to preserve the changing quantity - and said that this is good until very much..
After these things, God commanded the passive time and energy to create together the substance that appears in many physical forms, such as gold, iron, carbon, hydrogen, and more.
And the passive time and energy did as God commanded.
A quantity of passive time was combined with a quantity of joyful energy, and from this particular combination of quantities, a physical form of gold was created.
And once again, a quantity of passive time was combined with a quantity of joyful energy, and from this new combination of quantities, a physical form of iron was created.
And once again, a quantity of passive time was combined with a quantity of joyful energy, and from this new combination of quantities, a physical form of carbon was created.
And so the passive time and the joyful energy created many and varied physical forms, and many types of matter filled the geometric space.
From these types of materials, the stars were formed.
This is how the geometric space, full of passive time and energy, became the place of creation of stars that stand still and do not move.
Then God commanded the stars to move, only in a screw-shaped orbit, which has 3 data.
speed
The diameter of the screw track,
Advancement angle of the track.
And the stars began to move as expected.
They did not move in an open straight line path, nor in a closed circular path.
Each planet moves in a Borgi orbit that has three data unique only to it - a unique diameter, a unique advancement angle, and a unique speed in a Borgi orbit...
This form of orbit connected all the stars in the world
For a wonderful movement unit in the shape of a discus.
And God commanded this wonderful unit of movement, in which all the stars of the world are located - to move in a straight line.
This wondrous movement unit was named a universe.
The universe moves forever in a straight line, in an infinite space full of passive time and energy, when the stars in it move in spiral orbits -
The speed of the universe in a straight line is absolute, and only an observer at absolute rest can notice it. (C12 estimated value)
Man is always moving, because he lives on the surface of a planet.
All the stars of the universe are always moving, and Noah's star does not exist.
Therefore, man will never be in a state of absolute rest, and is unable to discern the absolute speed of the universe,
which takes place in an infinite geometric space, full of passive time and energy.
This infinite space is the place where stars are formed, and it is also the place where they disintegrate.
When a star disintegrates, it gives up its passive time and its energy to the infinite space.
The number of stars in the universe is finite but not fixed.
Stars are always being formed, and they are always being destroyed.
And man has not yet been created.
The active time has not yet been created either,
Only the passive time and the joyful energy were created, and they create the material of the stars..
Light was also created, as waves of passive time,
Waves of passive time move in the absolute rest and absolute cold of passive time, filling infinite space.
Sunlight is waves of passive time, moving in an infinite space full of passive time, which is completely still and completely cold.
There is no void in the world, and it is full of passive time and energy.
And man had not yet been created, and had not yet spoken,
When man was created, he received natural knowledge from the Creator.
With this natural knowledge man invented language.
When an ancient man approached a campfire, a natural knowledge miraculously reached him, and he gave it a name.
The name chosen by the ancient man was completely arbitrary and consists of the combination of the letters חמ
This is the secret of human language - which is the language of names.
After an act that brings a person natural knowledge, a combination of letters is chosen to be the name of the natural knowledge.
The ancient man knew this secret when he did an act and approached a fire, and then a knowledge of nature came to him, which received the name ... Ham.
And since humans did not know the secret of words, they were caught in the trap of words, which turns every word into noise.
The noise of words does not convey to a person any natural knowledge,
And so he remains in a state of ignorance.
Man is caught in the trap of words, and has never been able to free himself from it. The word trap is clearly shown with the help of the combination of the letters time.
It is impossible to answer the question, what is the combination of the letters time, with the help of other combinations of letters.
It is possible to answer this question, with the help of an act that brings natural knowledge to the doer.
Time is the name of a natural knowledge that comes to man when he listens to his heartbeat.
The person listening to his heartbeat detects the amount of "something" between every two beats, and for this something an arbitrary name is chosen consisting of the letters Z
This time... is active time.
There are two types of time, the passive time that actually exists in physical reality, and there is the active time that man invented, and it only exists in his imagination.
Active time disappears as soon as you think about it.
The man who was created on a planet is the one who invented the active time. Has the words past, present, future.
Past and future are in man's imagination, when
In physical reality there is only the present.
Man, who was created on a planet in eternal motion, was caught in the trap of words, and was never able to free himself from it. Man loves the trap of words because it contains love and hope, anger and jealousy, and the escape hatches to the lie, to the truth, and to free imagination. With the trap of words man entered heaven, and the trap of words expelled him from there.
The trap of words always works, and since then man has been looking for a new good language, and he has not yet found it.
And since a new language has not yet been found, there is doubt whether everything written in this article will be understood.
A. Asbar
Instead of the big bang theory, a physical theory of creation
Physical reality is created from 5 continuous quantitative things.
The hallmark of a continuous quantitative thing (dkr) is simple.
Any quantity that we choose from DKR, there is always a larger quantity, and there is a smaller quantity.
Any quantity that is chosen from DKR, is always between a zero quantity and an infinite quantity.
There are 5 dechars in the world, 3 in the geometric field and 2 in the physical field,
Length, area, volume, belong to geometry, time and energy belong to physics.
Geometry and physics are the two exact sciences.
Physical reality appeared after the empty infinite space was filled by two continuous quantitative things, namely energy and passive time.
Passive time is real time that exists right in physical reality.
The time we all know does not exist in physical reality, and it disappears as soon as you think about it. This time exists only in the consciousness of the person, and therefore the name ...active time fits it.
After the infinite space was filled with energy and passive time, the star matter began to appear, which was formed by combining amounts of passive time and energy.
The matter of the stars is continuous, and has no gravity.
The combinations of the amounts of passive time and energy created the familiar elements
Like, gold, carbon, iron and more. Any such conjunction is a physical form, and therefore
Matter is not a quantitative concept.
Perpetual motion was embedded in the continuous matter, and each star was always moving.
This is how the energy of matter movement appeared, followed by many types of energy.
The law of conservation of energy was embedded in the universe, and it guarantees an eternal universe.
A physical theory of creation is described in detail in the book.
"Esbar's magic journey on the wings of natural knowledge"
A. Asbar
It turns out that the more you discover, the less you understand.
aetzbar
Who ties your shoelaces?
The idea of gravity was given to the world by Newton 330 years ago.
The law of conservation of energy was accepted in science 170 years ago.
The law of conservation of energy rules out the possibility that an explosive force emanating from the earth is the one that drops objects that have been released from them to the ground.
Objects released from them fall of their own accord from a height where they are to a lower height, and the amount of energy of the blow hitting the ground is exactly equal to the amount of energy of the height differences of the bodies.
If "gravity" exists in physical reality, then the law of conservation of energy does not exist in physical reality.
Since the law of conservation of energy exists without a shadow of a doubt in physical reality,
So gravity does not exist in physical reality.
And if gravity does not exist in physical reality, Newton's physics no longer exists.
Newton did not know about the existence of the law of conservation of energy.
If he had known, he certainly wouldn't have published the idea of gravity.
Newton's physics is about to be replaced by Asbar's physics. Appearing in the book "The Magical Journey of Asbar on the Wings of Natural Knowledge"
A. Asbar
Israel
I think the universe won't end, but that doesn't mean it's infinite.
On the other hand - I think that the universe is indeed infinite.
But how do you get back to square one?
And if you don't come back - will you run out of space at some point in your journey? Will you hit a wall? Suddenly after a certain distance there will be no more stars?
It makes much more sense in my opinion that the universe is infinite and our private universe is contained within it, and was created by the Big Bang.
Israel
One answer is that you will always travel at a speed less than the rate of expansion of the universe and therefore you will be able to move in a straight line without limit.
I'm not convinced that this answer is correct... Let's assume your spaceship is a board. One side is black and one side is mirror. The light pressure on the side of the mirror will speed you up without limit. What you will see is that the space in front of you shrinks and that you approach the shape asymptotically to some kind of "edge".
But - we should (perhaps) take into account that the expansion rate of the universe is increasing and therefore we may not actually reach this "edge". After all, there are objects that move away from us at a speed higher than the speed of light.
Is there a way to reject the assumption that the observable universe created by the big bang is the only universe that exists?
Because if there isn't, then is the discount serious?
I still haven't received an answer to the question of whether the observations of the receding galaxies prove anything other than that this is our own private universe? What about the assumption that if we travel far enough in a straight line we will return to the starting point like on Earth?
Israel
The "big" universe does not have to be limited in time, but we have no way to rule it out (today), so there are those who would argue that the idea is not ... scientific.
50 billion years - in our limited private universe.
But what about the infinite universe around us? Why would it be limited in time?
Israel
I think grief provides a basis for learning the laws of physics. For example, we don't expect to discover things that are 50 billion years old
Miracles
He who said I said, is infinite, always was and always will be.
So what does the mourning observation mean?
Israel
If the universe is infinite today (and it seems true to me) then it was also infinite at the big bang event.
And if time is short in a gravitational field, then in the "moment" of the bang, time actually does not move. So it is possible that actually time is also infinite backwards.
I admit, as a vessel full of words, that I do not understand why we are talking about a time 13.8 billion years ago as the moment of the big bang and the formation of the universe.
Indeed, if we run backwards the expansion of galaxies according to Hubble we will reach this point in time, but why is this the moment of the creation of the universe?
Much more logical in my opinion that the universe is infinite, always was and always will be. What our eyes see and our devices detect is our private and limited universe, with its galaxies and clusters.
If we throw a 26 grenade into space, we will see its fragments scatter in all directions just like the stars in our universe. If we live on one of those fragments and are only able to observe them, then this is our entire universe and we will indeed be able to observe in many years the moment of the explosion which for us is the Big Bang.
Isn't that exactly what Hubble did?
But what about the infinite universe around us?
The fact that a person is religious does not make him ignorant.
I am amazed by the ignorance of the religious commentators, who think they understand something in science....
Very interesting is the parallel to the wisdom of Kabbalah which speaks of the main one being "clear light that overlaps without beginning and end" and in the second stage "in his desire to create his world he created a space that contains all creation" third stage. Revelation of light in the form of a line into the created space and from that light all creatures were ennobled. . The first stage is endless light. parallel to the pre-universe. Uniform energy. Step two creating the space. The inflation. Creating the space. Third step, delegating the light to space. the big bang
Anyone who pretends to explain something infinite is pretending to know something that cannot be known because our tools are finite and are unable to contain or define the infinite in both directions into macrocosm and microcosm. Everything is infinite and therefore undefined, in order to allow a person to live with the undefined reality, scholars and religious people came and tried to put a finger on some starting point in order to allow thinking without limitations, but, the truth is that in the infinite there is no time and if there is no time everything happens everything was present and will be Separation. And this is the main problem that the big bang is trying to answer.. somewhere 13.8 billion years ago is where it started.. there is no clear knowledge like that.. not to mention before that is also difficult to grasp.. what about 13.8 billion years ago.. and to the same extent the theologians try to point On the point of Genesis... and there is no evidence for it either because we found that there was a cultural presence long before the point of Genesis... It turns out that there is no point in laying a finger on the point of Genesis, but engaging in life on other planets is much more significant to our existence than arguing about an unclear starting point in infinity.
Good introductory essay. And also the reference to Alan Guth's series.
I prefer the scientific analysis on all the questions in it over the religious explanation when they insist that it is not metaphorical but real.
The freedom to ask questions and answer them not from the sources but scientific research.
My explanation is that the massive black hole did not suddenly explode but rather boiled as it were and continues to do so even today and therefore the universe is homogeneous.
And expansion is explained by the fact that we are surrounded by massive black holes at distances beyond our ability to observe.
And they too will start to spread in turn when they gain enough mass
All are guesses of those who stare and wonder at the wonders of the universe, because there are things that are better to accept as facts and continue to flow with the blessing in everything that is, living and existing.
Regarding the continuation of human wisdom and the victorious truth that I am blessed to understand, in private, and also on the Internet when looking for the old postings by search, the twin rainbow, artificial understanding, and even usciiiiiii code
You will never know how it all started because it didn't start.
The Creator of the world takes care of everything!
The universe has always been and all the processes in it are infinite.
A possible theory. The big bang is a massive black hole that swallowed all the matter around it, turned it into energy and when it came out of equilibrium it exploded back into matter. The process is cyclical in the universe.
All the scientists should get together and find out with the coffee healthy or unhealthy and with the vaccines healthy or unhealthy don't make a big deal about yourself